Adrenal Gland Biopsy, Adrenal Biopsy
There are two adrenal glands in the body, one on top of each kidney. These glands produce a variety of hormones that affect almost all of the body's functions. An adrenal biopsy involves taking a sample of tissue, usually from only one adrenal gland.
Who is a candidate for the procedure?
An adrenal biopsy may be done when an abnormal growth or mass is seen in one, or rarely both, of the adrenal glands. This growth or mass may be a tumor or just an infection. The adrenal glands can usually be seen only during special X-ray tests, such as an abdominal CT scan.
How is the procedure performed?
There are two ways to do an adrenal biopsy. With the first method, a doctor inserts a needle through the skin of the back into the adrenal gland, while he or she looks at live images from a CT scan or other X-ray. Local anesthesia is used to prevent the person from feeling pain. A medicine to relax the person may also be given if needed. Once a tissue sample has been obtained, the needle is removed, and a bandage is placed over the puncture site.
An adrenal biopsy may also be done using surgery, under general anesthesia. A cut is made into the back or abdomen, and the surgeon looks at the gland directly. A piece of the gland can then be removed and sent to the lab. The lab often analyzes the piece of tissue while the person is still asleep. If the tissue turns out to be cancer, surgery can then be done right away to avoid a second operation in the future
Teenage Pregnancy
Adolescent Pregnancy, Teenage Pregnancy
Teenage pregnancy is a pregnancy that occurs in an adolescent. An adolescent is a female who has reached puberty and is 19 years old or younger. Puberty is the stage of adolescence when a girl can sexually reproduce.
What is going on in the body?
A young woman can become pregnant even before her first menstrual cycle. Ovulation, release of an egg from the ovary, may occur before the first period. In the absence of birth control, the egg can become fertilized.
Penetration does not have to occur for a teenager to become pregnant. Sperm in the area of the external vulva can cause pregnancy. Teens need to understand a woman's body and how it functions before they become sexually active.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
The ultimate cause of teenage pregnancy is unprotected intercourse. This results in fertilization of the egg by the sperm. Risk factors for teenage pregnancy include the following:
# delinquency
# depression
# exposure to child abuse
# high-risk behaviors, such as smoking, alcohol use, and drug abuse
# limited job opportunities
# low academic interest and achievement
# poverty
# previous unplanned teenage pregnancy
# sexual abuse
# single-parent homes
# social isolation
# stress
# trouble in school or with the law
Teenage pregnancy is a pregnancy that occurs in an adolescent. An adolescent is a female who has reached puberty and is 19 years old or younger. Puberty is the stage of adolescence when a girl can sexually reproduce.
What is going on in the body?
A young woman can become pregnant even before her first menstrual cycle. Ovulation, release of an egg from the ovary, may occur before the first period. In the absence of birth control, the egg can become fertilized.
Penetration does not have to occur for a teenager to become pregnant. Sperm in the area of the external vulva can cause pregnancy. Teens need to understand a woman's body and how it functions before they become sexually active.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
The ultimate cause of teenage pregnancy is unprotected intercourse. This results in fertilization of the egg by the sperm. Risk factors for teenage pregnancy include the following:
# delinquency
# depression
# exposure to child abuse
# high-risk behaviors, such as smoking, alcohol use, and drug abuse
# limited job opportunities
# low academic interest and achievement
# poverty
# previous unplanned teenage pregnancy
# sexual abuse
# single-parent homes
# social isolation
# stress
# trouble in school or with the law
Frozen Shoulder
Adhesive Capsulitis, Frozen Shoulder
Frozen shoulder usually occurs after a person injures the shoulder and does not move it for a period of time because of pain.
What is going on in the body?
When the shoulder is immobilized by pain, physical changes take place within the shoulder joint. Adhesions, or abnormal bands of tissue, grow between the bones of the shoulder joint and severely limit movement. In addition, the normal synovial fluid found in the shoulder joint begins to disappear, causing further pain and restricted motion.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
This condition can occur after an injury to the shoulder, chest, or head. Any injury that prevents normal shoulder or arm movement may result in a frozen shoulder. Other risks for frozen shoulder include:
# heart attack
# chest surgery, such as open heart surgery
# breast surgery, such as a modified mastectomy for breast cancer
# brain surgery, which may follow head injury
# Type I diabetes
# hypothyroidism
# Parkinson's disease
Frozen shoulder is most common in middle-aged women or people who have depression
Frozen shoulder usually occurs after a person injures the shoulder and does not move it for a period of time because of pain.
What is going on in the body?
When the shoulder is immobilized by pain, physical changes take place within the shoulder joint. Adhesions, or abnormal bands of tissue, grow between the bones of the shoulder joint and severely limit movement. In addition, the normal synovial fluid found in the shoulder joint begins to disappear, causing further pain and restricted motion.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
This condition can occur after an injury to the shoulder, chest, or head. Any injury that prevents normal shoulder or arm movement may result in a frozen shoulder. Other risks for frozen shoulder include:
# heart attack
# chest surgery, such as open heart surgery
# breast surgery, such as a modified mastectomy for breast cancer
# brain surgery, which may follow head injury
# Type I diabetes
# hypothyroidism
# Parkinson's disease
Frozen shoulder is most common in middle-aged women or people who have depression
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
ADHD, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD, is a disorder in which an individual consistently shows certain behaviors over time. The three categories for these behaviors are inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
What is going on in the body?
In people who have ADHD, the areas of the brain that control attention use less glucose than the brains of other people. This indicates that the areas are less active. The lower activity level seems to cause inattention. No one knows for sure why these brain areas are less active.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
No one knows the exact cause of ADHD. Most experts believe that the following factors may play a role in causing ADHD:
# environmental toxins, such as lead
# genetics
# smoking or alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy
# use of illegal drugs, such as cocaine, by the mother during pregnancy
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD, is a disorder in which an individual consistently shows certain behaviors over time. The three categories for these behaviors are inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
What is going on in the body?
In people who have ADHD, the areas of the brain that control attention use less glucose than the brains of other people. This indicates that the areas are less active. The lower activity level seems to cause inattention. No one knows for sure why these brain areas are less active.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
No one knows the exact cause of ADHD. Most experts believe that the following factors may play a role in causing ADHD:
# environmental toxins, such as lead
# genetics
# smoking or alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy
# use of illegal drugs, such as cocaine, by the mother during pregnancy
Adenoid Removal
Adenoidectomy, Removal of the Adenoid Glands, Adenoid Removal
This procedure involves surgically removing the adenoid glands from the nasopharynx, which is the area between the nasal airway and back of the throat. It is usually performed with a tonsillectomy, or surgical removal of the tonsils.
Who is a candidate for the procedure?
This surgery may be recommended for persons with:
# enlarged adenoids, or adenoidal hypertrophy
# excessive snoring
# difficulty breathing through the nose
# a sleep disorder known as sleep apnea, which causes episodes of not breathing during sleep
# chronic ear infections, known as chronic otitis media
# chronic or repeated tonsillitis, or inflammation of the tonsils
# chronic sinusitis
How is the procedure performed?
The surgery is performed using general anesthesia. This involves putting the person to sleep with medications. A breathing tube, known as an endotracheal tube, is inserted into the mouth and throat. Then the adenoid tissue is removed, and bleeding is controlled with pressure. The entire procedure takes about a half-hour
This procedure involves surgically removing the adenoid glands from the nasopharynx, which is the area between the nasal airway and back of the throat. It is usually performed with a tonsillectomy, or surgical removal of the tonsils.
Who is a candidate for the procedure?
This surgery may be recommended for persons with:
# enlarged adenoids, or adenoidal hypertrophy
# excessive snoring
# difficulty breathing through the nose
# a sleep disorder known as sleep apnea, which causes episodes of not breathing during sleep
# chronic ear infections, known as chronic otitis media
# chronic or repeated tonsillitis, or inflammation of the tonsils
# chronic sinusitis
How is the procedure performed?
The surgery is performed using general anesthesia. This involves putting the person to sleep with medications. A breathing tube, known as an endotracheal tube, is inserted into the mouth and throat. Then the adenoid tissue is removed, and bleeding is controlled with pressure. The entire procedure takes about a half-hour
Adenoidal Hypertrophy
Enlarged Adenoids, Adenoidal Hypertrophy
Adenoidal hypertrophy refers to the increased size of the adenoids. These are the two infection-fighting organs at the back of the nose and above the tonsils.
What is going on in the body?
The adenoids, along with the tonsils, help prevent agents such as bacteria and viruses from entering the body. The adenoids are made up of a group of blood cells that create antibodies. Antibodies are proteins that neutralize foreign substances in the body. When infection or inflammation occurs, the adenoids can enlarge. Since they are seated at the back of the nasal cavity, the swollen adenoids can block airflow through the nose.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
The exact cause of enlarged adenoids is not always clear. Most studies point to chronic infection of the upper respiratory tract. Allergies may also cause the adenoids to enlarge. Adenoid enlargement is more common in children than adults
Adenoidal hypertrophy refers to the increased size of the adenoids. These are the two infection-fighting organs at the back of the nose and above the tonsils.
What is going on in the body?
The adenoids, along with the tonsils, help prevent agents such as bacteria and viruses from entering the body. The adenoids are made up of a group of blood cells that create antibodies. Antibodies are proteins that neutralize foreign substances in the body. When infection or inflammation occurs, the adenoids can enlarge. Since they are seated at the back of the nasal cavity, the swollen adenoids can block airflow through the nose.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
The exact cause of enlarged adenoids is not always clear. Most studies point to chronic infection of the upper respiratory tract. Allergies may also cause the adenoids to enlarge. Adenoid enlargement is more common in children than adults
Adenocarcinoma of the Small Intestine
Adenocarcinoma of the Small Intestine
Adenocarcinoma of the small intestine is a form of cancer that occurs in the part of the intestine that descends from the stomach. It is a rare form of cancer.
What is going on in the body?
The small intestine plays a key role in the digestion of foods. Many nutrients are absorbed by the small intestine as food passes through it. Adenocarcinoma occurs in the tissues that line the small intestine. It causes the cells in these tissues to grow and multiply out of control. These cells form a tumor along the wall of the intestine. This tumor then begins to invade the tissues around it.
In time, the tumor will grow through the intestinal wall. The tumor then goes on to invade structures around the intestine. Cancer cells can break off from the tumor and metastasize. This means the cancer is spread through the bloodstream. Cancer cells can also spread through the system that drains into lymph nodes.
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
The risk factors for this type of cancer are not well defined. Diet may play a role, especially a diet high in nitrates. Some other risk factors may include:
# celiac disease, in which the body is unable to absorb certain foods
# Crohn disease, an inflammation of the bowel
# a history of adenocarcinoma elsewhere in the body
# a history of colorectal cancer
# immunodeficiency disorders that lead to a weakened immune system
# inherited gastrointestinal syndromes
# older age
Adenocarcinoma of the small intestine is a form of cancer that occurs in the part of the intestine that descends from the stomach. It is a rare form of cancer.
What is going on in the body?
The small intestine plays a key role in the digestion of foods. Many nutrients are absorbed by the small intestine as food passes through it. Adenocarcinoma occurs in the tissues that line the small intestine. It causes the cells in these tissues to grow and multiply out of control. These cells form a tumor along the wall of the intestine. This tumor then begins to invade the tissues around it.
In time, the tumor will grow through the intestinal wall. The tumor then goes on to invade structures around the intestine. Cancer cells can break off from the tumor and metastasize. This means the cancer is spread through the bloodstream. Cancer cells can also spread through the system that drains into lymph nodes.
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
The risk factors for this type of cancer are not well defined. Diet may play a role, especially a diet high in nitrates. Some other risk factors may include:
# celiac disease, in which the body is unable to absorb certain foods
# Crohn disease, an inflammation of the bowel
# a history of adenocarcinoma elsewhere in the body
# a history of colorectal cancer
# immunodeficiency disorders that lead to a weakened immune system
# inherited gastrointestinal syndromes
# older age
Prostate Cancer
Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate, Prostate Cancer,
Prostate cancer is a tumor that grows in the prostate gland in men. The prostate gland is part of the reproductive system. It stores seminal fluid, the substance that mixes with sperm to form semen.
What is going on in the body?
Normally, the prostate is a firm, walnut-shaped gland at the base of a man's bladder. It surrounds the urethra, the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. A man with prostate cancer has a tumor in the prostate gland. In some cases, prostate cancer can grow slowly for many years. Other times, it may grow rapidly and spread swiftly to other parts of the body. It may also spread its cells throughout the lymph system or bloodstream and along nerve pathways.
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
No one knows what causes prostate cancer. Hormones, such as testosterone, control the growth of the prostate gland. They may contribute to prostate cancer. Viruses or chronic infections may contribute to prostate cancer. Researchers have recently identified a gene that is linked to some cases of prostate cancer. So far, prostate cancer has not been linked to common cancer-causing substances in the environment.
Following are some of the risk factors.
# Advanced age. Prostate cancer is seen mostly in men over the age of 55.
# Diet. Fruits, vegetables, and fatty fish may lower a man's risk for prostate cancer. A high fat diet may increase the risk.
# Ethnic background. Prostate cancer occurs most often in African and northern European ethnic groups. It is less common in American Indian and Asian men.
# Family history of cancer. A man's risk is higher if his father or brother had prostate cancer.
Men who have had a vasectomy, who smoke, or who have been exposed to a metal called cadmium may also be at an increased risk
Prostate cancer is a tumor that grows in the prostate gland in men. The prostate gland is part of the reproductive system. It stores seminal fluid, the substance that mixes with sperm to form semen.
What is going on in the body?
Normally, the prostate is a firm, walnut-shaped gland at the base of a man's bladder. It surrounds the urethra, the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. A man with prostate cancer has a tumor in the prostate gland. In some cases, prostate cancer can grow slowly for many years. Other times, it may grow rapidly and spread swiftly to other parts of the body. It may also spread its cells throughout the lymph system or bloodstream and along nerve pathways.
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
No one knows what causes prostate cancer. Hormones, such as testosterone, control the growth of the prostate gland. They may contribute to prostate cancer. Viruses or chronic infections may contribute to prostate cancer. Researchers have recently identified a gene that is linked to some cases of prostate cancer. So far, prostate cancer has not been linked to common cancer-causing substances in the environment.
Following are some of the risk factors.
# Advanced age. Prostate cancer is seen mostly in men over the age of 55.
# Diet. Fruits, vegetables, and fatty fish may lower a man's risk for prostate cancer. A high fat diet may increase the risk.
# Ethnic background. Prostate cancer occurs most often in African and northern European ethnic groups. It is less common in American Indian and Asian men.
# Family history of cancer. A man's risk is higher if his father or brother had prostate cancer.
Men who have had a vasectomy, who smoke, or who have been exposed to a metal called cadmium may also be at an increased risk
Adenocarcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Adenocarcinoma is the name of a broad category of cancers. This type of cancer occurs in cells that line organs such as the colon, lung, and breast.
What is going on in the body?
Structures within the body are covered with layers of tissue. One of these layers of tissue is called the epithelium. It covers the inside of hollow organs and milk ducts in the breast. When cancer occurs in one of the cells of the epithelium, it is called an adenocarcinoma. The cancer is also categorized by the kind of tissue from which it arose, such as breast or lung.
Cancer occurs when a cell undergoes changes that make it grow and multiply uncontrollably. The abnormal cells grow into a mass, which is called a tumor. Cancer cells from the tumor can break off and metastasize. This means that they spread to other parts of the body. New tumors may then form. In addition to spreading, adenocarcinoma also destroys the tissue around it.
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
Smoking increases the risk for almost every kind of cancer. There may be other risk factors for adenocarcinomas in different organ sites. Each site may have different factors. For example, hormone replacement therapy may increase the risk of uterine adenocarcinoma. Colon adenocarcinoma may be related to a diet high in fat or low in fiber. In the same way, the risk for adenocarcinoma of the small intestine increases with a history of Crohn disease.
Adenocarcinoma is the name of a broad category of cancers. This type of cancer occurs in cells that line organs such as the colon, lung, and breast.
What is going on in the body?
Structures within the body are covered with layers of tissue. One of these layers of tissue is called the epithelium. It covers the inside of hollow organs and milk ducts in the breast. When cancer occurs in one of the cells of the epithelium, it is called an adenocarcinoma. The cancer is also categorized by the kind of tissue from which it arose, such as breast or lung.
Cancer occurs when a cell undergoes changes that make it grow and multiply uncontrollably. The abnormal cells grow into a mass, which is called a tumor. Cancer cells from the tumor can break off and metastasize. This means that they spread to other parts of the body. New tumors may then form. In addition to spreading, adenocarcinoma also destroys the tissue around it.
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
Smoking increases the risk for almost every kind of cancer. There may be other risk factors for adenocarcinomas in different organ sites. Each site may have different factors. For example, hormone replacement therapy may increase the risk of uterine adenocarcinoma. Colon adenocarcinoma may be related to a diet high in fat or low in fiber. In the same way, the risk for adenocarcinoma of the small intestine increases with a history of Crohn disease.
Food Additives
Artificial Colors, Preservatives, Additives, Artificial Flavors, Food Additives
Additives are substances that are added to foods. They may be added purpose, such as when vitamins are added to some foods to replace those lost when the food is processed. On the other hand, some drugs given to animals and chemicals used on crops are examples of additives that get into food by accident. Metals from cooking utensils can also leach into food.
Information
Additives are used in foods for 5 main reasons:
To control food texture. Emulsifiers, stabilizers, and thickeners can give food an even texture. They help keep ingredients and flavors blended in the product. Some examples of these are lecithin, mono and diglycerides, guar gum and carrageenan. An example of a food they are found in is peanut butter. Emulsifiers help keep the peanuts and oil from separating.
To improve nutritional value. When nutrients are added to foods to replace those that were lost during processing, the foods are said to be enriched. Vitamins and minerals, as well as fiber, are often added to enrich foods in this way. For example, many of the B vitamins are lost as whole-wheat flour is being refined into white flour, so they are added back in.
When nutrients are added that were never in the food, the foods are said to be fortified. For example, vitamins A and D are added to milk to fortify it. This process of adding nutrients to foods has helped reduce malnutrition.
To maintain freshness and safety. Some additives are called preservatives. These are used to prevent spoiling in foods that may be exposed to air, mold, and bacteria. For example, antioxidants, such as vitamin E, are added to fats and oils to prevent them from becoming rancid. They also are used in baked goods, cereals, processed foods, and salad dressing to prevent spoiling and discoloration. Other examples are BHA and BHT. The US Food and Drug Administration, known as the FDA, has classed some food additives as "generally recognized as safe." This is also known as GRAS . BHA and BHT are classed GRAS. Other preservatives include:
# citric acid
# sulfites
# calcium propionate
# sodium nitrate
A small percentage of the population is allergic to sulfites. The FDA requires that labels clearly show when packaged and processed foods contain more than 10 parts/million of sulfites.
To help foods rise and to control the acid-base balance of food. Leavening agents cause baked goods, such as bread, to rise. Other additives, such as yeast and sodium bicarbonate, help control the acidity and alkalinity of foods, which affect the flavor, taste, and color.
To improve flavor and color. Natural and artificial colors and flavors enhance the appearance and taste of certain foods. Common examples include
# ginger
# fructose
# aspartame
# FD&C Red No. 40
# monosodium glutamate, also known as MSG
# annatto
MSG is a well-known flavor enhancer. In the past, people have questioned the safety of MSG. The FDA has considered MSG as GRAS. Some people are allergic to the flavor enhancer. These people should always read ingredient lists and be careful of ordering food in restaurants, especially Asian ones.
There are 33 colors approved for use in foods. Only seven of them are man-made. The push is towards using more natural coloring agents. The only color that has been known to cause allergic reactions, in a very small amount of people, is Yellow No. 5.
The FDA regulated the use of food additives. Before the FDA approves the use of a particular food additive, studies must be conducted that prove the substances are safe in large doses when fed to animals. Even then, these substances can only be used at levels 100 times lower than those that have been shown to cause harmful effects in animals.
Many additives are on the FDA GRAS list. These substances have been widely used for a long time without known problems. A few examples of the 700 items on the GRAS list include salt, sugar, guar gum, and vinegar.
Food additives are quite safe for most people, but some people may be allergic or sensitive to certain additives. Because of this, food manufacturers are required to list additives on food labels. People who know they are allergic or sensitive to certain things should always read the food labels and avoid any foods that may not be healthy for them
Additives are substances that are added to foods. They may be added purpose, such as when vitamins are added to some foods to replace those lost when the food is processed. On the other hand, some drugs given to animals and chemicals used on crops are examples of additives that get into food by accident. Metals from cooking utensils can also leach into food.
Information
Additives are used in foods for 5 main reasons:
To control food texture. Emulsifiers, stabilizers, and thickeners can give food an even texture. They help keep ingredients and flavors blended in the product. Some examples of these are lecithin, mono and diglycerides, guar gum and carrageenan. An example of a food they are found in is peanut butter. Emulsifiers help keep the peanuts and oil from separating.
To improve nutritional value. When nutrients are added to foods to replace those that were lost during processing, the foods are said to be enriched. Vitamins and minerals, as well as fiber, are often added to enrich foods in this way. For example, many of the B vitamins are lost as whole-wheat flour is being refined into white flour, so they are added back in.
When nutrients are added that were never in the food, the foods are said to be fortified. For example, vitamins A and D are added to milk to fortify it. This process of adding nutrients to foods has helped reduce malnutrition.
To maintain freshness and safety. Some additives are called preservatives. These are used to prevent spoiling in foods that may be exposed to air, mold, and bacteria. For example, antioxidants, such as vitamin E, are added to fats and oils to prevent them from becoming rancid. They also are used in baked goods, cereals, processed foods, and salad dressing to prevent spoiling and discoloration. Other examples are BHA and BHT. The US Food and Drug Administration, known as the FDA, has classed some food additives as "generally recognized as safe." This is also known as GRAS . BHA and BHT are classed GRAS. Other preservatives include:
# citric acid
# sulfites
# calcium propionate
# sodium nitrate
A small percentage of the population is allergic to sulfites. The FDA requires that labels clearly show when packaged and processed foods contain more than 10 parts/million of sulfites.
To help foods rise and to control the acid-base balance of food. Leavening agents cause baked goods, such as bread, to rise. Other additives, such as yeast and sodium bicarbonate, help control the acidity and alkalinity of foods, which affect the flavor, taste, and color.
To improve flavor and color. Natural and artificial colors and flavors enhance the appearance and taste of certain foods. Common examples include
# ginger
# fructose
# aspartame
# FD&C Red No. 40
# monosodium glutamate, also known as MSG
# annatto
MSG is a well-known flavor enhancer. In the past, people have questioned the safety of MSG. The FDA has considered MSG as GRAS. Some people are allergic to the flavor enhancer. These people should always read ingredient lists and be careful of ordering food in restaurants, especially Asian ones.
There are 33 colors approved for use in foods. Only seven of them are man-made. The push is towards using more natural coloring agents. The only color that has been known to cause allergic reactions, in a very small amount of people, is Yellow No. 5.
The FDA regulated the use of food additives. Before the FDA approves the use of a particular food additive, studies must be conducted that prove the substances are safe in large doses when fed to animals. Even then, these substances can only be used at levels 100 times lower than those that have been shown to cause harmful effects in animals.
Many additives are on the FDA GRAS list. These substances have been widely used for a long time without known problems. A few examples of the 700 items on the GRAS list include salt, sugar, guar gum, and vinegar.
Food additives are quite safe for most people, but some people may be allergic or sensitive to certain additives. Because of this, food manufacturers are required to list additives on food labels. People who know they are allergic or sensitive to certain things should always read the food labels and avoid any foods that may not be healthy for them
Addison's Disease
Primary Adrenocortical Insufficiency, Primary Adrenal Failure, Hypocortisolism, Addison's Disease
Addison disease occurs when the adrenal glands are no longer able to produce certain hormones needed for life, such as cortisol and aldosterone.
What is going on in the body?
There are two adrenal glands in the body, one on top of each kidney. They produce two hormones: cortisol and aldosterone.
Cortisol
Cortisol is a type of hormone called a glucocorticoid. It affects almost every organ and tissue in the body. Experts believe cortisol may have hundreds of effects, but its main job is to help the body respond to stress. Other vital tasks include the following.
# It helps maintain blood pressure, heart function, and blood vessel function.
# It helps slow the immune system's inflammation response.
# It helps balance the effects of insulin in breaking down glucose for energy.
# It helps control the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.
Cortisol is vital to health, so the body maintains a precise balance. As with many other hormones, the hypothalamus and pituitary gland are key to this control.
Aldosterone
Aldosterone is a type of hormone called a mineralcorticoid. It helps with the following functions:
# maintains blood pressure
# maintains water and salt balance in the body by helping the kidneys hang on to sodium and get rid of potassium
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
Addison disease is a rare disorder that affects only about 1 in every 100,000 people. It occurs in all age groups, and affects both men and women equally. Addison disease may be caused by either a disorder of the adrenal glands themselves, which is called primary adrenal insufficiency. Or, it may be caused by inadequate secretion of ACTH by the pituitary gland. In primary adrenal insufficiency, an autoimmune disorder that makes the person's own immune system attack and destroy the outer layer of the adrenal glands, called the cortex, is often at fault. When at least 90 percent of the cortex has been destroyed, adrenal insufficiency occurs. Experts believe causes for this type may include:
# an inherited syndrome called polyendocrine deficiency syndrome, type 1 or type 2
# tuberculosis, called TB
# chronic infections, mainly fungal infections
# cancer that has spread from somewhere else in the body
# amyloidosis
# surgical removal of the adrenal glands
Secondary adrenal insufficiency is due to a lack of ACTH, which causes the adrenal glands to produce less cortisol. It does not affect production of aldosterone. Causes of this type of insufficiency include:
# surgical removal of the benign, known as noncancerous, tumors of the pituitary gland linked with Cushing disease. These tumors produce excess ACTH, and when they are removed, the body is unable to adapt quickly
# hypopituitarism, due to tumors, infections, loss of blood flow to the pituitary, radiation for pituitary tumors, or surgical removal of parts of the hypothalamus or the pituitary gland
Addison disease occurs when the adrenal glands are no longer able to produce certain hormones needed for life, such as cortisol and aldosterone.
What is going on in the body?
There are two adrenal glands in the body, one on top of each kidney. They produce two hormones: cortisol and aldosterone.
Cortisol
Cortisol is a type of hormone called a glucocorticoid. It affects almost every organ and tissue in the body. Experts believe cortisol may have hundreds of effects, but its main job is to help the body respond to stress. Other vital tasks include the following.
# It helps maintain blood pressure, heart function, and blood vessel function.
# It helps slow the immune system's inflammation response.
# It helps balance the effects of insulin in breaking down glucose for energy.
# It helps control the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.
Cortisol is vital to health, so the body maintains a precise balance. As with many other hormones, the hypothalamus and pituitary gland are key to this control.
Aldosterone
Aldosterone is a type of hormone called a mineralcorticoid. It helps with the following functions:
# maintains blood pressure
# maintains water and salt balance in the body by helping the kidneys hang on to sodium and get rid of potassium
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
Addison disease is a rare disorder that affects only about 1 in every 100,000 people. It occurs in all age groups, and affects both men and women equally. Addison disease may be caused by either a disorder of the adrenal glands themselves, which is called primary adrenal insufficiency. Or, it may be caused by inadequate secretion of ACTH by the pituitary gland. In primary adrenal insufficiency, an autoimmune disorder that makes the person's own immune system attack and destroy the outer layer of the adrenal glands, called the cortex, is often at fault. When at least 90 percent of the cortex has been destroyed, adrenal insufficiency occurs. Experts believe causes for this type may include:
# an inherited syndrome called polyendocrine deficiency syndrome, type 1 or type 2
# tuberculosis, called TB
# chronic infections, mainly fungal infections
# cancer that has spread from somewhere else in the body
# amyloidosis
# surgical removal of the adrenal glands
Secondary adrenal insufficiency is due to a lack of ACTH, which causes the adrenal glands to produce less cortisol. It does not affect production of aldosterone. Causes of this type of insufficiency include:
# surgical removal of the benign, known as noncancerous, tumors of the pituitary gland linked with Cushing disease. These tumors produce excess ACTH, and when they are removed, the body is unable to adapt quickly
# hypopituitarism, due to tumors, infections, loss of blood flow to the pituitary, radiation for pituitary tumors, or surgical removal of parts of the hypothalamus or the pituitary gland
Attention Deficit Disorder, ADD
Attention Deficit Disorder, ADD
Attention deficit disorder, which is also called ADD, is a disorder in which a person shows a certain pattern of behavior over time. This pattern includes inattention and impulsivity. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD, adds hyperactivity to the other behaviors.
What is going on in the body?
In people who have ADD, the brain areas that control attention use less glucose than the brains of other people use. This indicates that the areas are less active. The lower activity level seems to cause inattention. No one knows for sure why these brain areas are less active.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
No one knows the exact cause of ADD. Most experts believe that the following factors may play a role in causing ADD and ADHD:
# environmental toxins, such as lead
# genetics
# smoking or alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy
# use of illegal drugs, such as cocaine, by the mother during pregnancy
ADD is thought to affect 5% to 10% of school-age children. Boys are 10 times more likely than girls to be affected by ADD
Attention deficit disorder, which is also called ADD, is a disorder in which a person shows a certain pattern of behavior over time. This pattern includes inattention and impulsivity. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD, adds hyperactivity to the other behaviors.
What is going on in the body?
In people who have ADD, the brain areas that control attention use less glucose than the brains of other people use. This indicates that the areas are less active. The lower activity level seems to cause inattention. No one knows for sure why these brain areas are less active.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
No one knows the exact cause of ADD. Most experts believe that the following factors may play a role in causing ADD and ADHD:
# environmental toxins, such as lead
# genetics
# smoking or alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy
# use of illegal drugs, such as cocaine, by the mother during pregnancy
ADD is thought to affect 5% to 10% of school-age children. Boys are 10 times more likely than girls to be affected by ADD
Acute Subdural Hematoma
Acute Subdural Hematoma
An acute subdural hematoma is an accumulation of blood, or a hematoma, inside the skull. It is located between the dura, the fibrous covering of the brain, and the brain itself. An acute subdural hematoma occurs when blood leaks into the space between the dura and the brain. There is very little extra room within the skull, so the build-up of blood puts pressure on the brain.
What are the causes and risks of the injury?
Persons traveling at any increased speed are at risk for hematoma whenever the head is struck. During impact, the brain moves around inside the skull. Veins may tear, spilling blood into the subdural space. As people age, brains shrink slightly, so veins are stretched. Thus, the elderly are more susceptible to this type of injury. Other conditions that put people at risk for subdural hematoma include:
# alcoholism
# diabetes
# epilepsy
An acute subdural hematoma is an accumulation of blood, or a hematoma, inside the skull. It is located between the dura, the fibrous covering of the brain, and the brain itself. An acute subdural hematoma occurs when blood leaks into the space between the dura and the brain. There is very little extra room within the skull, so the build-up of blood puts pressure on the brain.
What are the causes and risks of the injury?
Persons traveling at any increased speed are at risk for hematoma whenever the head is struck. During impact, the brain moves around inside the skull. Veins may tear, spilling blood into the subdural space. As people age, brains shrink slightly, so veins are stretched. Thus, the elderly are more susceptible to this type of injury. Other conditions that put people at risk for subdural hematoma include:
# alcoholism
# diabetes
# epilepsy
Acute Prostatitis
Prostate Gland Infection, Acute Prostatitis
Acute bacterial prostatitis is a sudden severe infection of the prostate gland caused by bacteria.
What is going on in the body?
The prostate gland is located at the base of a man's penis. It secretes substances into the semen that aid in fertility. The fluid in the prostate is normally sterile. Bacteria from urine can enter the prostate through the urethra. The urethra is the tube through which urine flows from the bladder to the tip of the penis. These bacteria can multiply and rapidly cause bacterial prostatitis. Acute bacterial prostatitis is almost always accompanied by an infection in the urinary tract from the same organism.
What are the causes and risks of the infection?
Bacteria commonly found in the intestines are usually responsible for urinary infections in older men. Conditions that make men more prone to urinary infections can contribute to prostatitis. One of these is the blockage of urine flow due to an enlarged prostate gland
Acute bacterial prostatitis is a sudden severe infection of the prostate gland caused by bacteria.
What is going on in the body?
The prostate gland is located at the base of a man's penis. It secretes substances into the semen that aid in fertility. The fluid in the prostate is normally sterile. Bacteria from urine can enter the prostate through the urethra. The urethra is the tube through which urine flows from the bladder to the tip of the penis. These bacteria can multiply and rapidly cause bacterial prostatitis. Acute bacterial prostatitis is almost always accompanied by an infection in the urinary tract from the same organism.
What are the causes and risks of the infection?
Bacteria commonly found in the intestines are usually responsible for urinary infections in older men. Conditions that make men more prone to urinary infections can contribute to prostatitis. One of these is the blockage of urine flow due to an enlarged prostate gland
Acute Otitis Media
Middle Ear Infection, Acute Otitis Media
Acute otitis media is a bacterial or viral infection of the middle ear.
What is going on in the body?
The three parts of the ear are the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear. The eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the nasal cavity. The eustachian tube keeps equal ear pressure between the eardrum and the outside of the body. Any secretions formed in the middle ear flow into the nasal cavity through this tube.
Otitis media often begins when a virus, such as the one that causes colds, enters the nose. The virus travels into the eustachian tube and causes it to swell. The virus can also travel up the eustachian tube to the middle ear. When the swollen tube does open, bacteria enter the tube and the middle ear. Bacteria multiply, causing an acute infection.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
Otitis media is an infection caused by a virus or bacteria. The following children are at higher risk for this type of infection:
# children in day care
# children under the age of 3 or 4 years
# children who live with smokers
# children who take bottles to bed
# children whose parents had childhood otitis media
# children with chronic allergies or sinusitis
# Native American and Eskimo children
Individuals who have very small or poorly functioning tubes are also at a higher risk for infections. Children with head and face abnormalities often have eustachian tube problems. This includes children with Down syndrome and cleft palate.
Acute otitis media is a bacterial or viral infection of the middle ear.
What is going on in the body?
The three parts of the ear are the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear. The eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the nasal cavity. The eustachian tube keeps equal ear pressure between the eardrum and the outside of the body. Any secretions formed in the middle ear flow into the nasal cavity through this tube.
Otitis media often begins when a virus, such as the one that causes colds, enters the nose. The virus travels into the eustachian tube and causes it to swell. The virus can also travel up the eustachian tube to the middle ear. When the swollen tube does open, bacteria enter the tube and the middle ear. Bacteria multiply, causing an acute infection.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
Otitis media is an infection caused by a virus or bacteria. The following children are at higher risk for this type of infection:
# children in day care
# children under the age of 3 or 4 years
# children who live with smokers
# children who take bottles to bed
# children whose parents had childhood otitis media
# children with chronic allergies or sinusitis
# Native American and Eskimo children
Individuals who have very small or poorly functioning tubes are also at a higher risk for infections. Children with head and face abnormalities often have eustachian tube problems. This includes children with Down syndrome and cleft palate.
Acute Mountain Sickness
Altitude Illness, Acute Mountain Sickness
Acute mountain sickness, or AMS, is a mild, self-limiting form of altitude illness. Altitude illnesses are caused by lack of oxygen as a person climbs to higher altitudes. A more severe form of altitude illness, known as high-altitude cerebral edema or HACE, has much more serious consequences.
What is going on in the body?
As altitude increases, the atmospheric pressure decreases. There are fewer oxygen molecules available. This decrease in oxygen availability affects the body in many ways. The rate and depth of breathing increase. This disturbs the balance between gases in the lungs and the blood. This imbalance causes changes in the distribution of potassium and sodium in the cells. As a result, water is distributed differently between the blood and the tissues. This change in distribution causes the effects of altitude illness.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
Acute mountain sickness can happen with steady climbs to higher altitudes. It can be prevented by climbing gradually and getting used to midway altitudes. Some people will have symptoms after rapid climbs from sea level to 8,000 to 10,000 feet. Climbers from sea level to 14,000 feet almost always have symptoms. AMS is more common in younger adults than in older people. Individuals with history of AMS and those with lung diseases are more prone to this condition
Acute mountain sickness, or AMS, is a mild, self-limiting form of altitude illness. Altitude illnesses are caused by lack of oxygen as a person climbs to higher altitudes. A more severe form of altitude illness, known as high-altitude cerebral edema or HACE, has much more serious consequences.
What is going on in the body?
As altitude increases, the atmospheric pressure decreases. There are fewer oxygen molecules available. This decrease in oxygen availability affects the body in many ways. The rate and depth of breathing increase. This disturbs the balance between gases in the lungs and the blood. This imbalance causes changes in the distribution of potassium and sodium in the cells. As a result, water is distributed differently between the blood and the tissues. This change in distribution causes the effects of altitude illness.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
Acute mountain sickness can happen with steady climbs to higher altitudes. It can be prevented by climbing gradually and getting used to midway altitudes. Some people will have symptoms after rapid climbs from sea level to 8,000 to 10,000 feet. Climbers from sea level to 14,000 feet almost always have symptoms. AMS is more common in younger adults than in older people. Individuals with history of AMS and those with lung diseases are more prone to this condition
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia,ALL
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is cancer of the lymph cells, a type of white blood cell. While ALL is known as the childhood form of leukemia, 20% of the people who develop the disease are adults.
What is going on in the body?
When the body has an infection, the number of lymph cells often rises sharply. These cells play a role in fighting off infection. When a person has ALL, the lymph cells do not mature enough to do their job. The cells become malignant, and their growth is unchecked. The abnormal cells can build up in the bone marrow, blood, and other tissues.
Generally, the abnormal cells crowd out normal blood cells and cause the following problems:
# anemia, or a low red blood cell count
# bleeding problems due to poorly working blood-clotting cells, called platelets
# loss of normal white blood cell function, which increases the risk of infection
# a need for red blood cell transfusions
Other white blood cells help in immune monitoring and healing. ALL can compromise or even stop all of these functions. The buildup of abnormal lymph cells can enlarge or infiltrate any organ in the body, including lymph nodes and the brain.
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
ALL is thought to have many causes, including:
# exposure to radiation
# exposure to toxins
# gene or chromosome abnormalities that are passed on from parent to child
# a poorly working immune system
# viruses that affect the immune system
It is known that people:
# who have AIDS are at higher risk for lymphatic cancers, including ALL.
# who have been treated for other cancers can get ALL. This is called a secondary leukemia.
# who have Down syndrome may be at higher risk for ALL.
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is cancer of the lymph cells, a type of white blood cell. While ALL is known as the childhood form of leukemia, 20% of the people who develop the disease are adults.
What is going on in the body?
When the body has an infection, the number of lymph cells often rises sharply. These cells play a role in fighting off infection. When a person has ALL, the lymph cells do not mature enough to do their job. The cells become malignant, and their growth is unchecked. The abnormal cells can build up in the bone marrow, blood, and other tissues.
Generally, the abnormal cells crowd out normal blood cells and cause the following problems:
# anemia, or a low red blood cell count
# bleeding problems due to poorly working blood-clotting cells, called platelets
# loss of normal white blood cell function, which increases the risk of infection
# a need for red blood cell transfusions
Other white blood cells help in immune monitoring and healing. ALL can compromise or even stop all of these functions. The buildup of abnormal lymph cells can enlarge or infiltrate any organ in the body, including lymph nodes and the brain.
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
ALL is thought to have many causes, including:
# exposure to radiation
# exposure to toxins
# gene or chromosome abnormalities that are passed on from parent to child
# a poorly working immune system
# viruses that affect the immune system
It is known that people:
# who have AIDS are at higher risk for lymphatic cancers, including ALL.
# who have been treated for other cancers can get ALL. This is called a secondary leukemia.
# who have Down syndrome may be at higher risk for ALL.
Acute Interstitial Nephritis
AIN, Acute Interstitial Nephritis
Acute interstitial nephritis is also called AIN. AIN is a condition in which there is damage to the tissue around the filtering unit of the kidney. This can result in a sudden decline in the kidney function.
What is going on in the body?
In AIN, different types of white blood cells invade the filtering system of the kidney. This causes it to swell. The rise in white blood cells is most often a result of an allergic reaction to a medicine. But it may also be caused by some infections. Most people who have AIN recover completely. But sometimes, scarring results. If that happens, the kidney may have irreversible damage.
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
AIN may be caused by:
# allergic reaction to certain medicines. Examples include penicillin, cephalosporins, sulfa medicines, ibuprofen, thiazide, phenytoin, and cimetidine. A person who is exposed over and over to the medicine that caused the AIN has a higher risk of infection.
# autoimmune disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjogren syndrome
# infection, such as pyelonephritis or infection of the kidney, group A streptococcal infection, diphtheria, and mononucleosis
Sometimes the cause is unknown.
Acute interstitial nephritis is also called AIN. AIN is a condition in which there is damage to the tissue around the filtering unit of the kidney. This can result in a sudden decline in the kidney function.
What is going on in the body?
In AIN, different types of white blood cells invade the filtering system of the kidney. This causes it to swell. The rise in white blood cells is most often a result of an allergic reaction to a medicine. But it may also be caused by some infections. Most people who have AIN recover completely. But sometimes, scarring results. If that happens, the kidney may have irreversible damage.
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
AIN may be caused by:
# allergic reaction to certain medicines. Examples include penicillin, cephalosporins, sulfa medicines, ibuprofen, thiazide, phenytoin, and cimetidine. A person who is exposed over and over to the medicine that caused the AIN has a higher risk of infection.
# autoimmune disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjogren syndrome
# infection, such as pyelonephritis or infection of the kidney, group A streptococcal infection, diphtheria, and mononucleosis
Sometimes the cause is unknown.
Acute Epididymitis
Epididymitis, Epididymo-Orchitis, Acute Epididymitis
Epididymitis is an infection of the epididymis. The epididymis is a soft, coiled tubular structure on the back of the testicle.
What is going on in the body?
Infections generally spread to the epididymis from the bladder or the urethra. The urethra is the tube that allows urine to pass from the bladder to the outside of the body. In young children or older men, bacteria that cause urinary tract infections are often the cause. Sexually transmitted diseases are more likely to be the cause in sexually active young men.
Infection in the epididymis causes severe pain and swelling. The infection may spread to the testicle. When both structures are inflamed, the condition is known as epididymo-orchitis. It is rare that an infection will occur in the testicle alone. The bacteria will usually infect the epididymis first.
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
Risk factors for epididymitis are the same as for infections of the urethra or bladder. These two conditions create an increased risk for epididymitis. Infections of the urethra are often sexually transmitted. These infections may be avoided by not having sex or using condoms during sex. Bladder infections are more common in those with inherited kidney and bladder problems. Bladder infections are also more common in those with enlarged prostate glands. Persons who need to use urinary catheters are at a higher risk for epididymitis. Urinary catheters are urine drainage tubes placed through the penis into the bladder.
Epididymitis is an infection of the epididymis. The epididymis is a soft, coiled tubular structure on the back of the testicle.
What is going on in the body?
Infections generally spread to the epididymis from the bladder or the urethra. The urethra is the tube that allows urine to pass from the bladder to the outside of the body. In young children or older men, bacteria that cause urinary tract infections are often the cause. Sexually transmitted diseases are more likely to be the cause in sexually active young men.
Infection in the epididymis causes severe pain and swelling. The infection may spread to the testicle. When both structures are inflamed, the condition is known as epididymo-orchitis. It is rare that an infection will occur in the testicle alone. The bacteria will usually infect the epididymis first.
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
Risk factors for epididymitis are the same as for infections of the urethra or bladder. These two conditions create an increased risk for epididymitis. Infections of the urethra are often sexually transmitted. These infections may be avoided by not having sex or using condoms during sex. Bladder infections are more common in those with inherited kidney and bladder problems. Bladder infections are also more common in those with enlarged prostate glands. Persons who need to use urinary catheters are at a higher risk for epididymitis. Urinary catheters are urine drainage tubes placed through the penis into the bladder.
Acute Bronchitis
Acute Bronchitis, Inflammation of the Bronchi, Infection of the Bronchi
Acute bronchitis is inflammation, or swelling, of one or more bronchi. Bronchi are the branches of the main windpipe that carry oxygen into the lungs.
What is going on in the body?
Acute bronchitis is often caused by an infection from virus or bacteria. The infection irritates the lining of the air passages called bronchi. This causes the symptoms of bronchitis.
What are the causes and risks of the infection?
The most common cause of acute bronchitis is a viral infection such as the flu. Sometimes bacteria can cause this disease as well. Breathing air that contains irritants, such as chemical fumes, acid fumes, dust or smoke, increases the risk of the disease
Acute bronchitis is inflammation, or swelling, of one or more bronchi. Bronchi are the branches of the main windpipe that carry oxygen into the lungs.
What is going on in the body?
Acute bronchitis is often caused by an infection from virus or bacteria. The infection irritates the lining of the air passages called bronchi. This causes the symptoms of bronchitis.
What are the causes and risks of the infection?
The most common cause of acute bronchitis is a viral infection such as the flu. Sometimes bacteria can cause this disease as well. Breathing air that contains irritants, such as chemical fumes, acid fumes, dust or smoke, increases the risk of the disease
Tonsillitis
Acute Tonsillitis, Subacute Tonsillitis, Chronic Tonsillitis, Tonsillitis
Tonsillitis is an inflammation or infection of the tonsils.
What is going on in the body?
The body has two sets, or pairs, of tonsils. The palatine tonsils can be seen at the back of the throat. The lingual tonsils are at the back of the tongue and cannot be seen by looking in the mouth. Tonsillitis usually means the inflammation or infection of the palatine tonsils. But sometimes the infection can involve the lingual tonsils and lymph nodes in the back of the throat.
What are the causes and risks of the infection?
Common causes of acute tonsillitis may include:
# bacteria, such as streptoccal or hemophilus bacteria
# viruses such as adenovirus or Epstein-Barr virus, which also causes mononucleosis
# diphtheria, a serious disease that produces a false membrane in the throat. Diphtheria can be prevented by the DPT vaccine.
Subacute tonsillitis is most commonly caused by actinomyces, a normal mouth bacterium that can cause infection.
In chronic tonsillitis, there is a long-standing infection that is almost always bacterial.
Tonsillitis is an inflammation or infection of the tonsils.
What is going on in the body?
The body has two sets, or pairs, of tonsils. The palatine tonsils can be seen at the back of the throat. The lingual tonsils are at the back of the tongue and cannot be seen by looking in the mouth. Tonsillitis usually means the inflammation or infection of the palatine tonsils. But sometimes the infection can involve the lingual tonsils and lymph nodes in the back of the throat.
What are the causes and risks of the infection?
Common causes of acute tonsillitis may include:
# bacteria, such as streptoccal or hemophilus bacteria
# viruses such as adenovirus or Epstein-Barr virus, which also causes mononucleosis
# diphtheria, a serious disease that produces a false membrane in the throat. Diphtheria can be prevented by the DPT vaccine.
Subacute tonsillitis is most commonly caused by actinomyces, a normal mouth bacterium that can cause infection.
In chronic tonsillitis, there is a long-standing infection that is almost always bacterial.
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, ARDS, Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Adult respiratory distress syndrome, which is also called ARDS, is a breakdown in the function of the lungs that comes on suddenly. With this condition, there is severe inflammation in the lungs. This inflammation reduces the lungs' ability to take up oxygen. It may cause lung or respiratory failure. Although called "adult," ARDS can also occur in children.
What is going on in the body?
ARDS is usually brought on by some other serious condition in the body, such as trauma or infection, that directly or indirectly injures the lung. When a person has ARDS, the lungs and tiny blood vessels around the lungs become inflamed and swollen. This inflammation interferes with the lungs' ability to function properly. The lungs have a hard time getting oxygen into the bloodstream and removing carbon dioxide from the blood. As inflammation increases, fluid can leak from the blood vessels into the lungs. As fluid builds up and inflammation increases, the lungs become stiff and may completely fail to work. .
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
More than 30 percent of people who have sepsis, which is a life-threatening infection of the bloodstream, will develop ARDS. Some of the other causes of ARDS are:
# blood transfusions of large amounts of blood
# burns
# drug overdose
# infection of the lungs, such as bacterial or viral pneumonia
# inhaling large amounts of smoke
# inhaling toxic fumes, such as those from chlorine or ammonia
# inhaling the contents of the stomach, known as aspiration pneumonia
# near drowning
# serious inflammation in other parts of the body, such as acute pancreatitis
# prolonged or severe shock
# surgery, such as cardiopulmonary bypass
# severe trauma to other parts of the body
# severe trauma to the lungs, such as from a crush injury to the chest
Adult respiratory distress syndrome, which is also called ARDS, is a breakdown in the function of the lungs that comes on suddenly. With this condition, there is severe inflammation in the lungs. This inflammation reduces the lungs' ability to take up oxygen. It may cause lung or respiratory failure. Although called "adult," ARDS can also occur in children.
What is going on in the body?
ARDS is usually brought on by some other serious condition in the body, such as trauma or infection, that directly or indirectly injures the lung. When a person has ARDS, the lungs and tiny blood vessels around the lungs become inflamed and swollen. This inflammation interferes with the lungs' ability to function properly. The lungs have a hard time getting oxygen into the bloodstream and removing carbon dioxide from the blood. As inflammation increases, fluid can leak from the blood vessels into the lungs. As fluid builds up and inflammation increases, the lungs become stiff and may completely fail to work. .
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
More than 30 percent of people who have sepsis, which is a life-threatening infection of the bloodstream, will develop ARDS. Some of the other causes of ARDS are:
# blood transfusions of large amounts of blood
# burns
# drug overdose
# infection of the lungs, such as bacterial or viral pneumonia
# inhaling large amounts of smoke
# inhaling toxic fumes, such as those from chlorine or ammonia
# inhaling the contents of the stomach, known as aspiration pneumonia
# near drowning
# serious inflammation in other parts of the body, such as acute pancreatitis
# prolonged or severe shock
# surgery, such as cardiopulmonary bypass
# severe trauma to other parts of the body
# severe trauma to the lungs, such as from a crush injury to the chest
Renal Failure
Acute Renal Insufficiency, Renal Failure
Acute renal failure occurs when the filtering function of the kidneys changes suddenly. The kidneys are not able to maintain healthy body function.
What is going on in the body?
The kidneys filter the blood in the body and produce urine. They clear the body of many drugs and toxins. They also produce hormones and control blood pressure. The blood flow to each kidney is supplied by a large artery. Blood flow to the kidneys is crucial both for kidney health and to allow the kidneys to perform their functions of cleaning and maintaining the blood. Anything that leads to a sudden drop in blood flow to the kidneys can cause acute renal failure. When this happens, the regular functions of the kidneys can be altered or destroyed.
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
The following can lead to acute renal failure:
# a blockage of urine flow out of the kidneys and into the bladder
# exposure to certain drugs
# exposure to toxic substances
# significant loss of blood or sudden drop in blood flow to the kidneys
Kidneys that have preexisting disease or damage are at higher risk for acute renal failure
Acute renal failure occurs when the filtering function of the kidneys changes suddenly. The kidneys are not able to maintain healthy body function.
What is going on in the body?
The kidneys filter the blood in the body and produce urine. They clear the body of many drugs and toxins. They also produce hormones and control blood pressure. The blood flow to each kidney is supplied by a large artery. Blood flow to the kidneys is crucial both for kidney health and to allow the kidneys to perform their functions of cleaning and maintaining the blood. Anything that leads to a sudden drop in blood flow to the kidneys can cause acute renal failure. When this happens, the regular functions of the kidneys can be altered or destroyed.
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
The following can lead to acute renal failure:
# a blockage of urine flow out of the kidneys and into the bladder
# exposure to certain drugs
# exposure to toxic substances
# significant loss of blood or sudden drop in blood flow to the kidneys
Kidneys that have preexisting disease or damage are at higher risk for acute renal failure
Poliomyelitis
Acute Paralytic Poliomyelitis OR APP, Polio, Type 1 Poliovirus, Paralytic Poliomyelitis, Nonparalytic Poliomyelitis, Infantile Paralysis, Poliomyelitis
Poliomyelitis, or polio, is a virus that causes a mild, flu-like illness in some people but in others leads to nerve damage and paralysis. A vaccine to prevent polio was developed in the 1950s and since then the infection has been eliminated from the US and most of Europe. The virus reproduces in the digestive system and spreads through the blood to the rest of the body. The virus is spread to others through infected feces or by airborne particles.
What is going on in the body?
During an attack of polio, nerve cells in the spinal cord are damaged or destroyed. These nerve cells transmit nerve impulses to the muscles and cause them to move. Without these functioning nerve cells, the body cannot move. Some of these nerve cells survive, however, and they can send out new nerve connections. In these cases, persons can regain much of their muscle use.
What are the causes and risks of the infection?
Polio is caused by the poliovirus. In countries where people are not routinely vaccinated against the disease, polio can be spread through infected feces or through airborne particles.
Poliomyelitis, or polio, is a virus that causes a mild, flu-like illness in some people but in others leads to nerve damage and paralysis. A vaccine to prevent polio was developed in the 1950s and since then the infection has been eliminated from the US and most of Europe. The virus reproduces in the digestive system and spreads through the blood to the rest of the body. The virus is spread to others through infected feces or by airborne particles.
What is going on in the body?
During an attack of polio, nerve cells in the spinal cord are damaged or destroyed. These nerve cells transmit nerve impulses to the muscles and cause them to move. Without these functioning nerve cells, the body cannot move. Some of these nerve cells survive, however, and they can send out new nerve connections. In these cases, persons can regain much of their muscle use.
What are the causes and risks of the infection?
Polio is caused by the poliovirus. In countries where people are not routinely vaccinated against the disease, polio can be spread through infected feces or through airborne particles.
Panic Disorder
Panic Attacks, Acute Panic Attacks, Panic Disorder
A panic disorder is characterized by repeated panic attacks, or episodes of intense fear that strike without warning.
What is going on in the body?
The body has a natural "fight or flight" response to danger. When a person perceives some threat or danger, the autonomic nervous system is stimulated. This helps a person escape from danger. During a panic attack, the body's automatic nervous system is triggered for no apparent reason.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
While the exact cause of panic disorder is unknown, genetics and social factors may play a part. Caffeine, cocaine, and alcohol also may cause the disorder. Panic attacks can be triggered by severe or prolonged stress. This disorder occurs more often in women than men.
A panic disorder is characterized by repeated panic attacks, or episodes of intense fear that strike without warning.
What is going on in the body?
The body has a natural "fight or flight" response to danger. When a person perceives some threat or danger, the autonomic nervous system is stimulated. This helps a person escape from danger. During a panic attack, the body's automatic nervous system is triggered for no apparent reason.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
While the exact cause of panic disorder is unknown, genetics and social factors may play a part. Caffeine, cocaine, and alcohol also may cause the disorder. Panic attacks can be triggered by severe or prolonged stress. This disorder occurs more often in women than men.
Swimmer's Ear
Acute Otitis Externa, External Canal Infection, Swimmer's Ear
Swimmer's ear is an inflammation or infection of the tissues of the outer ear and the external ear canal. The ear canal is the narrow tube that extends from the outer ear to the eardrum.
What is going on in the body?
Swimmer's ear is an inflammation or infection of the outer ear and the external canal. The ear canal contains glands that produce oil, sweat, and ear wax. Ear wax helps maintain an acidic environment in the ear canal.
If the ear canal loses its acidity, bacteria can grow more easily. Some people, such as individuals with diabetes, have a less acid environment. A wet environment in the ear canal also makes it a breeding ground for bacteria. Water that is left in the ear after swimming or bathing can promote infection.
What are the causes and risks of the infection?
Conditions that can lead to swimmer's ear include:
# benign ear growths in the ear canal that do not allow water to drain out effectively
# chronic otitis externa, or chronic irritation of the ear canal
# dermatitis due to allergic reactions to hair spray, dyes, or other chemicals
# dermatitis due to conditions such as psoriasis and eczema
# lower levels of acidity in the ear wax, such as in people with diabetes
# using cotton-tipped swabs, which may injure the ear canal or pack the wax tightly
# very narrow openings into the ear canal, such as in people with Down syndrome
# water left in the ear after bathing or swimming, which is why it is also called swimmer's ear
Most episodes of swimmer's ear are caused by bacteria. Fungal infections may also occur in the ear canal, although they are less painful. These often do not respond as quickly to antibiotics and may require specific antifungal medicines.
Swimmer's ear is an inflammation or infection of the tissues of the outer ear and the external ear canal. The ear canal is the narrow tube that extends from the outer ear to the eardrum.
What is going on in the body?
Swimmer's ear is an inflammation or infection of the outer ear and the external canal. The ear canal contains glands that produce oil, sweat, and ear wax. Ear wax helps maintain an acidic environment in the ear canal.
If the ear canal loses its acidity, bacteria can grow more easily. Some people, such as individuals with diabetes, have a less acid environment. A wet environment in the ear canal also makes it a breeding ground for bacteria. Water that is left in the ear after swimming or bathing can promote infection.
What are the causes and risks of the infection?
Conditions that can lead to swimmer's ear include:
# benign ear growths in the ear canal that do not allow water to drain out effectively
# chronic otitis externa, or chronic irritation of the ear canal
# dermatitis due to allergic reactions to hair spray, dyes, or other chemicals
# dermatitis due to conditions such as psoriasis and eczema
# lower levels of acidity in the ear wax, such as in people with diabetes
# using cotton-tipped swabs, which may injure the ear canal or pack the wax tightly
# very narrow openings into the ear canal, such as in people with Down syndrome
# water left in the ear after bathing or swimming, which is why it is also called swimmer's ear
Most episodes of swimmer's ear are caused by bacteria. Fungal infections may also occur in the ear canal, although they are less painful. These often do not respond as quickly to antibiotics and may require specific antifungal medicines.
Acute Nonlymphocytic Leukemia
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia, AML, Acute Nonlymphocytic Leukemia
Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) is a kind of cancer that occurs in a specialized white blood cell called a myelocyte. The cancerous change usually occurs in the bone marrow, where blood cells are made. The cancer cells grow and often take over the bone marrow. They can also travel throughout the body, a process known as metastasis. The cancerous cells can then interfere with the normal function of many parts of the body.
What is going on in the body?
When the cancerous cells grow in the bone marrow, normal bloods cells are often destroyed or crowded out. A reduction in normal white cells can cause the person to become infected easily. The infections may be serious and life threatening. Fewer platelets means that the person may bruise or bleed easily. Anemia, or low numbers of red blood cells, can make the person weak and easily tired.
The cancerous white cells can multiply quickly. Then, some of them can leave the bone marrow and travel throughout the body in the bloodstream. This often leads to problems in other parts of the body.
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
ANLL is thought to have many causes, including:
# certain chemicals, such as benzene and toluene
# certain genetic defects, such as Down syndrome
# cigarette smoke
# exposure to large doses of radiation
# some unusual viruses
Very rarely, people who have been given certain types of chemotherapy later develop ANLL.
Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) is a kind of cancer that occurs in a specialized white blood cell called a myelocyte. The cancerous change usually occurs in the bone marrow, where blood cells are made. The cancer cells grow and often take over the bone marrow. They can also travel throughout the body, a process known as metastasis. The cancerous cells can then interfere with the normal function of many parts of the body.
What is going on in the body?
When the cancerous cells grow in the bone marrow, normal bloods cells are often destroyed or crowded out. A reduction in normal white cells can cause the person to become infected easily. The infections may be serious and life threatening. Fewer platelets means that the person may bruise or bleed easily. Anemia, or low numbers of red blood cells, can make the person weak and easily tired.
The cancerous white cells can multiply quickly. Then, some of them can leave the bone marrow and travel throughout the body in the bloodstream. This often leads to problems in other parts of the body.
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
ANLL is thought to have many causes, including:
# certain chemicals, such as benzene and toluene
# certain genetic defects, such as Down syndrome
# cigarette smoke
# exposure to large doses of radiation
# some unusual viruses
Very rarely, people who have been given certain types of chemotherapy later develop ANLL.
Ethmoiditis
Acute OR Chronic Ethmoid Infection, Acute OR Chronic Sinusitis, Ethmoiditis
Ethmoiditis refers to inflammation of the ethmoid sinuses.
What is going on in the body?
Within the facial skeleton are mucus-lined, air-filled cavities called paranasal sinuses. These are formed by the facial bones around the nose. There are 4 pairs of paranasal sinuses, including the ethmoid sinuses. These are honeycomb-like spaces between the eye sockets and nasal cavity. Each space is about the size of a matchbox. They contain small openings that drain into the nose. When the mucous membrane of the sinus becomes inflamed, it starts to swell. This leads to nasal blockage and mucus buildup.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
The most common cause of ethmoiditis is an upper respiratory infection. Invading viruses attack the lining of the nose and sinuses. Other causes include allergies, structural abnormalities, and long-term bacterial infections. Fungal infections can occur in a person with a weak immune system.
Ethmoiditis refers to inflammation of the ethmoid sinuses.
What is going on in the body?
Within the facial skeleton are mucus-lined, air-filled cavities called paranasal sinuses. These are formed by the facial bones around the nose. There are 4 pairs of paranasal sinuses, including the ethmoid sinuses. These are honeycomb-like spaces between the eye sockets and nasal cavity. Each space is about the size of a matchbox. They contain small openings that drain into the nose. When the mucous membrane of the sinus becomes inflamed, it starts to swell. This leads to nasal blockage and mucus buildup.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
The most common cause of ethmoiditis is an upper respiratory infection. Invading viruses attack the lining of the nose and sinuses. Other causes include allergies, structural abnormalities, and long-term bacterial infections. Fungal infections can occur in a person with a weak immune system.
Infectious Myringitis
Infectious Myringitis,Acute Myringitis
Infectious myringitis is an infection of the eardrum. The eardrum is a thin membrane that separates the outer ear from the inner ear.
What is going on in the body?
Infectious myringitis is an infection of the eardrum that usually follows a bacterial or viral ear infection. Vesicles, or small fluid-filled lesions, develop on the eardrum. The infection interferes with the normal function of the eardrum.
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
Myringitis is generally caused by an infection with a bacteria or virus. Sometimes, the infection starts in the eardrum. Most of the time, however, myringitis follows an infection in another part of the ear. Acute otitis media and swimmer''s ear can both lead to secondary myringitis. Upper respiratory infections, such as the flu or pneumonia , can predispose someone to ear infections
Infectious myringitis is an infection of the eardrum. The eardrum is a thin membrane that separates the outer ear from the inner ear.
What is going on in the body?
Infectious myringitis is an infection of the eardrum that usually follows a bacterial or viral ear infection. Vesicles, or small fluid-filled lesions, develop on the eardrum. The infection interferes with the normal function of the eardrum.
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
Myringitis is generally caused by an infection with a bacteria or virus. Sometimes, the infection starts in the eardrum. Most of the time, however, myringitis follows an infection in another part of the ear. Acute otitis media and swimmer''s ear can both lead to secondary myringitis. Upper respiratory infections, such as the flu or pneumonia , can predispose someone to ear infections
Acute Nonlymphocytic Leukemia
Acute Nonlymphocytic Leukemia, Acute Myelogenous Leukemia, AML
Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) is a kind of cancer that occurs in a specialized white blood cell called a myelocyte. The cancerous change usually occurs in the bone marrow, where blood cells are made. The cancer cells grow and often take over the bone marrow. They can also travel throughout the body, a process known as metastasis. The cancerous cells can then interfere with the normal function of many parts of the body.
What is going on in the body?
When the cancerous cells grow in the bone marrow, normal bloods cells are often destroyed or crowded out. A reduction in normal white cells can cause the person to become infected easily. The infections may be serious and life threatening. Fewer platelets means that the person may bruise or bleed easily. Anemia, or low numbers of red blood cells, can make the person weak and easily tired.
The cancerous white cells can multiply quickly. Then, some of them can leave the bone marrow and travel throughout the body in the bloodstream. This often leads to problems in other parts of the body.
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
ANLL is thought to have many causes, including:
# certain chemicals, such as benzene and toluene
# certain genetic defects, such as Down syndrome
# cigarette smoke
# exposure to large doses of radiation
# some unusual viruses
Very rarely, people who have been given certain types of chemotherapy later develop ANLL.
Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) is a kind of cancer that occurs in a specialized white blood cell called a myelocyte. The cancerous change usually occurs in the bone marrow, where blood cells are made. The cancer cells grow and often take over the bone marrow. They can also travel throughout the body, a process known as metastasis. The cancerous cells can then interfere with the normal function of many parts of the body.
What is going on in the body?
When the cancerous cells grow in the bone marrow, normal bloods cells are often destroyed or crowded out. A reduction in normal white cells can cause the person to become infected easily. The infections may be serious and life threatening. Fewer platelets means that the person may bruise or bleed easily. Anemia, or low numbers of red blood cells, can make the person weak and easily tired.
The cancerous white cells can multiply quickly. Then, some of them can leave the bone marrow and travel throughout the body in the bloodstream. This often leads to problems in other parts of the body.
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
ANLL is thought to have many causes, including:
# certain chemicals, such as benzene and toluene
# certain genetic defects, such as Down syndrome
# cigarette smoke
# exposure to large doses of radiation
# some unusual viruses
Very rarely, people who have been given certain types of chemotherapy later develop ANLL.
Mitral Regurgitation, Acute,
Mitral Regurgitation, Acute, Acute Mitral Insufficiency, Acute Mitral Incompetence
Acute mitral regurgitation is a condition that affects the mitral valve in the heart. The mitral valve does not close completely, causing the blood to flow in the wrong direction. The mitral valve separates the heart's left atrium, or upper chamber, from the left ventricle, or lower chamber.
What is going on in the body?
The left atrium receives blood from the lungs and passes it through the mitral valve to the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body. The mitral valve normally remains firm when the left ventricle contracts.
In a person who has acute mitral regurgitation, the mitral valve no longer closes properly. With every heartbeat, some blood is pumped back through the valve and into the upper part of the heart. The body is not able to pump enough blood to the rest of the body.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
Mitral regurgitation is caused when the mitral valve fails to close properly. Some people are born with a defective mitral valve. Diseases and conditions that can cause mitral regurgitation include the following:
# congestive heart failure, a condition in which a weakened heart fails to pump blood effectively
# endocarditis, or infection of the heart lining
# heart attacks
# mitral valve prolapse, a condition in which the valve thickens and weakens
# old age
# rheumatic fever, which can cause an infection in the heart
# systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disorder that affects many body systems
# trauma to the heart, such as a crush injury of the chest
Acute mitral regurgitation is a condition that affects the mitral valve in the heart. The mitral valve does not close completely, causing the blood to flow in the wrong direction. The mitral valve separates the heart's left atrium, or upper chamber, from the left ventricle, or lower chamber.
What is going on in the body?
The left atrium receives blood from the lungs and passes it through the mitral valve to the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body. The mitral valve normally remains firm when the left ventricle contracts.
In a person who has acute mitral regurgitation, the mitral valve no longer closes properly. With every heartbeat, some blood is pumped back through the valve and into the upper part of the heart. The body is not able to pump enough blood to the rest of the body.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
Mitral regurgitation is caused when the mitral valve fails to close properly. Some people are born with a defective mitral valve. Diseases and conditions that can cause mitral regurgitation include the following:
# congestive heart failure, a condition in which a weakened heart fails to pump blood effectively
# endocarditis, or infection of the heart lining
# heart attacks
# mitral valve prolapse, a condition in which the valve thickens and weakens
# old age
# rheumatic fever, which can cause an infection in the heart
# systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disorder that affects many body systems
# trauma to the heart, such as a crush injury of the chest
Mitral Regurgitation, Acute
Mitral Regurgitation, Acute, Acute Mitral Insufficiency, Acute Mitral Incompetence
Acute mitral regurgitation is a condition that affects the mitral valve in the heart. The mitral valve does not close completely, causing the blood to flow in the wrong direction. The mitral valve separates the heart's left atrium, or upper chamber, from the left ventricle, or lower chamber.
What is going on in the body?
The left atrium receives blood from the lungs and passes it through the mitral valve to the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body. The mitral valve normally remains firm when the left ventricle contracts.
In a person who has acute mitral regurgitation, the mitral valve no longer closes properly. With every heartbeat, some blood is pumped back through the valve and into the upper part of the heart. The body is not able to pump enough blood to the rest of the body.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
Mitral regurgitation is caused when the mitral valve fails to close properly. Some people are born with a defective mitral valve. Diseases and conditions that can cause mitral regurgitation include the following:
# congestive heart failure, a condition in which a weakened heart fails to pump blood effectively
# endocarditis, or infection of the heart lining
# heart attacks
# mitral valve prolapse, a condition in which the valve thickens and weakens
# old age
# rheumatic fever, which can cause an infection in the heart
# systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disorder that affects many body systems
# trauma to the heart, such as a crush injury of the chest
Acute mitral regurgitation is a condition that affects the mitral valve in the heart. The mitral valve does not close completely, causing the blood to flow in the wrong direction. The mitral valve separates the heart's left atrium, or upper chamber, from the left ventricle, or lower chamber.
What is going on in the body?
The left atrium receives blood from the lungs and passes it through the mitral valve to the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body. The mitral valve normally remains firm when the left ventricle contracts.
In a person who has acute mitral regurgitation, the mitral valve no longer closes properly. With every heartbeat, some blood is pumped back through the valve and into the upper part of the heart. The body is not able to pump enough blood to the rest of the body.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
Mitral regurgitation is caused when the mitral valve fails to close properly. Some people are born with a defective mitral valve. Diseases and conditions that can cause mitral regurgitation include the following:
# congestive heart failure, a condition in which a weakened heart fails to pump blood effectively
# endocarditis, or infection of the heart lining
# heart attacks
# mitral valve prolapse, a condition in which the valve thickens and weakens
# old age
# rheumatic fever, which can cause an infection in the heart
# systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disorder that affects many body systems
# trauma to the heart, such as a crush injury of the chest
Croup
Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis, Croup
Croup is an infection of the tissues around the vocal cords in young children. It causes a characteristic barking cough.
What is going on in the body?
The symptoms of croup are caused by the swelling and inflammation of the tissues around the larynx and vocal cords. The diameter of the upper airway in young children is narrow to begin with, so this swelling further reduces the size of the airway. This makes breathing noisier and more labored.
When a virus that can cause croup moves through a community, only some children will develop croup. Most children will have symptoms of a cold or laryngitis, such as congestion, cough, hoarseness, or sore throat.
What are the causes and risks of the infection?
The parainfluenza virus is a family of viruses that accounts for 75% of cases of croup. Croup generally affects young children between 3 months and 5 years of age. Boys are affected more often than girls. About 15% of children with croup have a family history of croup. Some children have repeated episodes of croup.
Croup is an infection of the tissues around the vocal cords in young children. It causes a characteristic barking cough.
What is going on in the body?
The symptoms of croup are caused by the swelling and inflammation of the tissues around the larynx and vocal cords. The diameter of the upper airway in young children is narrow to begin with, so this swelling further reduces the size of the airway. This makes breathing noisier and more labored.
When a virus that can cause croup moves through a community, only some children will develop croup. Most children will have symptoms of a cold or laryngitis, such as congestion, cough, hoarseness, or sore throat.
What are the causes and risks of the infection?
The parainfluenza virus is a family of viruses that accounts for 75% of cases of croup. Croup generally affects young children between 3 months and 5 years of age. Boys are affected more often than girls. About 15% of children with croup have a family history of croup. Some children have repeated episodes of croup.
Gout
Acute Gout, Gouty Arthritis, Acute Gouty Arthritis, Gout
Gout is a form of arthritis, or joint inflammation, that is caused by increased uric acid in the bloodstream. Uric acid is a chemical produced by the normal breakdown of cells.
What is going on in the body?
Gout results from an excess of uric acid in the body. The excess uric acid is deposited in 1 or more joints, causing arthritis.
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
Gout is caused by an excess of uric acid in the bloodstream. Uric acid accumulates in the body and may form crystals in the joints under the following conditions:
# if the person has a defect in metabolism that causes overproduction of uric acid. Metabolism refers to the chemical processes involved in normal body functions.
# if the kidneys have a reduced ability to remove uric acid from the bloodstream
# if the person's diet is high in purines, which are broken down into uric acid in the body. Foods high in purines include organ meats, seafood, and dried beans.
Certain risk factors increase a person's chance of developing gout or having a flare-up of symptoms once he or she has the disease. These factors include the following:
# a diet high in purines
# alcohol consumption
# obesity
# high blood pressure
# high levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and other lipids in the blood
# diabetes
# kidney disease
# sickle cell anemia, a blood disorder that causes abnormal red blood cells
Gout occurs in approximately 1 in 5,000 people. It is more common in men, although women are at increased risk after menopause, the end of normal menstruation.
Gout is a form of arthritis, or joint inflammation, that is caused by increased uric acid in the bloodstream. Uric acid is a chemical produced by the normal breakdown of cells.
What is going on in the body?
Gout results from an excess of uric acid in the body. The excess uric acid is deposited in 1 or more joints, causing arthritis.
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
Gout is caused by an excess of uric acid in the bloodstream. Uric acid accumulates in the body and may form crystals in the joints under the following conditions:
# if the person has a defect in metabolism that causes overproduction of uric acid. Metabolism refers to the chemical processes involved in normal body functions.
# if the kidneys have a reduced ability to remove uric acid from the bloodstream
# if the person's diet is high in purines, which are broken down into uric acid in the body. Foods high in purines include organ meats, seafood, and dried beans.
Certain risk factors increase a person's chance of developing gout or having a flare-up of symptoms once he or she has the disease. These factors include the following:
# a diet high in purines
# alcohol consumption
# obesity
# high blood pressure
# high levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and other lipids in the blood
# diabetes
# kidney disease
# sickle cell anemia, a blood disorder that causes abnormal red blood cells
Gout occurs in approximately 1 in 5,000 people. It is more common in men, although women are at increased risk after menopause, the end of normal menstruation.
Delirium
Delirium, Acute Confusion, Acute Delirium
Delirium can be caused by many medical conditions. It describes the confused state of mind in a person. With delirium, the person may be unable to maintain attention, and thinking may be disorganized. The brain is unable to process information in the proper way.
What is going on in the body?
A person with delirium is unable to focus attention or reply correctly to questions. Delirium usually comes on quickly and needs to be assessed and treated right away. It can usually be turned around once the cause is known. Delirium is more common in older people and may uncover dementia that wasn't noticed before.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
Delirium can be caused by many things including:
# abnormal sodium, chloride, ammonia, or other electrolyte levels in the blood
# alcohol or drugs
# head injury
# liver or kidney failure, such as acute renal failure
# low blood glucose
# low oxygen levels in the blood
# poisonings
# seizures
# severe dehydration
# severe infections, such as a blood infection known as sepsis
# withdrawal from drugs or alcohol
Delirium can be caused by many medical conditions. It describes the confused state of mind in a person. With delirium, the person may be unable to maintain attention, and thinking may be disorganized. The brain is unable to process information in the proper way.
What is going on in the body?
A person with delirium is unable to focus attention or reply correctly to questions. Delirium usually comes on quickly and needs to be assessed and treated right away. It can usually be turned around once the cause is known. Delirium is more common in older people and may uncover dementia that wasn't noticed before.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
Delirium can be caused by many things including:
# abnormal sodium, chloride, ammonia, or other electrolyte levels in the blood
# alcohol or drugs
# head injury
# liver or kidney failure, such as acute renal failure
# low blood glucose
# low oxygen levels in the blood
# poisonings
# seizures
# severe dehydration
# severe infections, such as a blood infection known as sepsis
# withdrawal from drugs or alcohol
Hangover
Hangover, Acute Alcohol Intoxication
A hangover is the set of symptoms caused by excessive alcohol intake.
What is going on in the body?
Someone who has a hangover has usually consumed a large amount of alcohol in the previous 24 hours. Most times, the alcohol also dehydrates the person. Some sleep deprivation is common. Alcohol intoxication can cause a simple lack of sleep or a disturbance in proper sleep patterns. Hangovers can cause a wide range of symptoms.
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
Drinking alcohol is nearly always the cause of a hangover. Some alcoholic drinks are more likely to lead to hangovers. These include cognac, wine, champagne, brandy, and some whiskeys. Drinking on an empty stomach, having a low percentage of body fat, or being small in size, can also make a hangover more likely. There is a significant risk of death from alcohol poisoning if individuals drink too much too fast or ignore the symptoms of a hangover and continue drinking.
A hangover is the set of symptoms caused by excessive alcohol intake.
What is going on in the body?
Someone who has a hangover has usually consumed a large amount of alcohol in the previous 24 hours. Most times, the alcohol also dehydrates the person. Some sleep deprivation is common. Alcohol intoxication can cause a simple lack of sleep or a disturbance in proper sleep patterns. Hangovers can cause a wide range of symptoms.
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
Drinking alcohol is nearly always the cause of a hangover. Some alcoholic drinks are more likely to lead to hangovers. These include cognac, wine, champagne, brandy, and some whiskeys. Drinking on an empty stomach, having a low percentage of body fat, or being small in size, can also make a hangover more likely. There is a significant risk of death from alcohol poisoning if individuals drink too much too fast or ignore the symptoms of a hangover and continue drinking.
Acute Adrenal Crisis
Acute Adrenal Insufficiency, Acute Hypoadrenalism
An acute adrenal crisis occurs when the adrenal glands suddenly stop working as they should.
What is going on in the body?
There are two adrenal glands in the body, one on top of each kidney. The outer part of each adrenal gland secretes key hormones. These hormones are called corticosteroids, which most people refer to as steroids. Steroids are needed for the body's metabolism and healthy functioning.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
For an adrenal crisis to happen, both adrenal glands must stop working well. Reasons why this may occur include the following:
# bleeding into both adrenal glands
# cancer that destroys both adrenal glands
# infections of both adrenal glands
People can also have an adrenal crisis when they suddenly stop taking steroid medicines, such as prednisone. When a person takes steroid medicines for more than a week, the adrenal glands become used to not having to make their own steroids, so they stop working as actively. If the person then suddenly stops taking steroids, the adrenal glands may not be able to start making their own quickly enough to maintain healthy functioning of the body. This is particularly true if the body is under stress. Stress can result from an illness, surgery, or other problem
An acute adrenal crisis occurs when the adrenal glands suddenly stop working as they should.
What is going on in the body?
There are two adrenal glands in the body, one on top of each kidney. The outer part of each adrenal gland secretes key hormones. These hormones are called corticosteroids, which most people refer to as steroids. Steroids are needed for the body's metabolism and healthy functioning.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
For an adrenal crisis to happen, both adrenal glands must stop working well. Reasons why this may occur include the following:
# bleeding into both adrenal glands
# cancer that destroys both adrenal glands
# infections of both adrenal glands
People can also have an adrenal crisis when they suddenly stop taking steroid medicines, such as prednisone. When a person takes steroid medicines for more than a week, the adrenal glands become used to not having to make their own steroids, so they stop working as actively. If the person then suddenly stops taking steroids, the adrenal glands may not be able to start making their own quickly enough to maintain healthy functioning of the body. This is particularly true if the body is under stress. Stress can result from an illness, surgery, or other problem
Acupuncture and Pain
Needling, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Acupuncture and Pain
Acupuncture literally means needle piercing. It is the practice of inserting very fine needles into the skin to stimulate specific points. This stimulation balances the movement of energy in the body.
Who is a candidate for the procedure?
When it is practiced by a qualified practitioner, acupuncture is safe for everyone. Young children often respond very well. It can even be used on pregnant women to stimulate labor and reduce labor pain. However, unnecessary procedures should be avoided during pregnancy.
The most common use of acupuncture is to treat muscle and joint pain. The technique is often applied for arthritis, back pain, sports injuries, and other similar problems.
How is the procedure performed?
Every acupuncture treatment begins with four types of examinations. These are:
# asking. The acupuncturist first asks an individual about his or her general health.
# looking. The practitioner will then note the person's appearance, posture, skin coloration, and tongue.
# listening. Next, he or she will listen to the individual's breathing patterns, speech, and tone of voice.
# smelling and touching. The last and most important of the examination involves touching the person's skin and taking an accurate pulse.
To receive a treatment, the person lies down on a table. He or she needs to remove enough clothing for the acupuncturist to reach the key points on the body. Very fine, sterile, stainless steel needles are inserted into the skin at the relevant points. Because the needles are so thin, they do not cause any bleeding. Other techniques can also be used as part of the acupuncture treatment. These include:
# small electric current to stimulate specific points
# small pen-like tools to produce an infrared low power laser beam
# burning of herbs to warm and stimulate energy
# ultrasound, sound waves and light waves
Acupuncture literally means needle piercing. It is the practice of inserting very fine needles into the skin to stimulate specific points. This stimulation balances the movement of energy in the body.
Who is a candidate for the procedure?
When it is practiced by a qualified practitioner, acupuncture is safe for everyone. Young children often respond very well. It can even be used on pregnant women to stimulate labor and reduce labor pain. However, unnecessary procedures should be avoided during pregnancy.
The most common use of acupuncture is to treat muscle and joint pain. The technique is often applied for arthritis, back pain, sports injuries, and other similar problems.
How is the procedure performed?
Every acupuncture treatment begins with four types of examinations. These are:
# asking. The acupuncturist first asks an individual about his or her general health.
# looking. The practitioner will then note the person's appearance, posture, skin coloration, and tongue.
# listening. Next, he or she will listen to the individual's breathing patterns, speech, and tone of voice.
# smelling and touching. The last and most important of the examination involves touching the person's skin and taking an accurate pulse.
To receive a treatment, the person lies down on a table. He or she needs to remove enough clothing for the acupuncturist to reach the key points on the body. Very fine, sterile, stainless steel needles are inserted into the skin at the relevant points. Because the needles are so thin, they do not cause any bleeding. Other techniques can also be used as part of the acupuncture treatment. These include:
# small electric current to stimulate specific points
# small pen-like tools to produce an infrared low power laser beam
# burning of herbs to warm and stimulate energy
# ultrasound, sound waves and light waves
Partial Thromboplastin Time
Partial Thromboplastin Time, PTT, Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time, APTT
The partial thromboplastin time (PTT) test helps measure the ability of the blood to clot normally. It is very similar to the prothrombin time (PT) test. These two tests are often ordered together.
At least 12 different proteins are involved in clotting. The PTT and PT test each measure the function of some of these proteins.
Who is a candidate for the test?
This test may be done:
# when a person has a bleeding problem
# to monitor a person who is taking blood-thinning medicine
# before surgery to make sure a person will not bleed too much during the operation
How is the test performed?
A blood sample is usually taken from a vein on the forearm or hand. The skin over the vein is first cleaned with an antiseptic. Next, a strong rubber tube, or tourniquet, is wrapped around the upper arm. This restricts blood flow through the veins in the lower arm and causes them to enlarge.
A small needle is gently inserted into a vein and the tourniquet is removed. Blood flows from the vein through the needle. It is collected in a syringe or vial. After the needle is withdrawn, the puncture site is covered to prevent bleeding. The blood sample is sent to a lab for testing.
The partial thromboplastin time (PTT) test helps measure the ability of the blood to clot normally. It is very similar to the prothrombin time (PT) test. These two tests are often ordered together.
At least 12 different proteins are involved in clotting. The PTT and PT test each measure the function of some of these proteins.
Who is a candidate for the test?
This test may be done:
# when a person has a bleeding problem
# to monitor a person who is taking blood-thinning medicine
# before surgery to make sure a person will not bleed too much during the operation
How is the test performed?
A blood sample is usually taken from a vein on the forearm or hand. The skin over the vein is first cleaned with an antiseptic. Next, a strong rubber tube, or tourniquet, is wrapped around the upper arm. This restricts blood flow through the veins in the lower arm and causes them to enlarge.
A small needle is gently inserted into a vein and the tourniquet is removed. Blood flows from the vein through the needle. It is collected in a syringe or vial. After the needle is withdrawn, the puncture site is covered to prevent bleeding. The blood sample is sent to a lab for testing.
Actinic Keratosis
Actinic Keratosis, Solar Keratosis
Actinic keratosis is a common premalignant skin lesion seen on areas of the body that have been exposed to sun. Premalignant means that the lesions have the potential to become skin cancer.
What is going on in the body?
Sun damage over many years causes changes in the skin. When the cells start to grow in an irregular and unusual fashion, actinic keratosis may develop. The lesions are not true deep or invasive skin cancers, but the area of skin is no longer normal.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
Actinic keratosis is caused by long-term exposure to the sun. The number of lesions increases with age. A person with light skin has a higher risk of developing actinic keratosis. Someone who works outdoors, such as a lifeguard or construction worker, is at greater risk. Certain antibiotics, such as tetracycline, increase a person's risk.
People with altered immune systems are also at increased risk for actinic keratosis. This group includes:
# people with HIV or other acquired immunodeficiency disorders
# children born with immunodeficiency disorders
# individuals who are taking powerful immunosuppressive medicines after organ transplants
# persons who are taking chemotherapy for treatment of cancer or other disorders
Actinic keratosis is a common premalignant skin lesion seen on areas of the body that have been exposed to sun. Premalignant means that the lesions have the potential to become skin cancer.
What is going on in the body?
Sun damage over many years causes changes in the skin. When the cells start to grow in an irregular and unusual fashion, actinic keratosis may develop. The lesions are not true deep or invasive skin cancers, but the area of skin is no longer normal.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
Actinic keratosis is caused by long-term exposure to the sun. The number of lesions increases with age. A person with light skin has a higher risk of developing actinic keratosis. Someone who works outdoors, such as a lifeguard or construction worker, is at greater risk. Certain antibiotics, such as tetracycline, increase a person's risk.
People with altered immune systems are also at increased risk for actinic keratosis. This group includes:
# people with HIV or other acquired immunodeficiency disorders
# children born with immunodeficiency disorders
# individuals who are taking powerful immunosuppressive medicines after organ transplants
# persons who are taking chemotherapy for treatment of cancer or other disorders
Adolescent Conduct Disorder
Adolescent Conduct Disorder, Severe Behavior Problems, Acting Out, Antisocial Behavior, Recurring
Adolescent conduct disorder is a type of problem with behavior in children older than 10 years of age. A person with this disorder typically does things that are socially unacceptable. The person also constantly violates the rights of others.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
Adolescents who have been victim of child abuse or neglect are at a much higher risk for developing a conduct disorder. Biological factors may contribute as well. For example, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder often occurs in a child with a conduct disorder. Other factors include being poor and being raised in a chaotic home environment.
Adolescent conduct disorder is a type of problem with behavior in children older than 10 years of age. A person with this disorder typically does things that are socially unacceptable. The person also constantly violates the rights of others.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
Adolescents who have been victim of child abuse or neglect are at a much higher risk for developing a conduct disorder. Biological factors may contribute as well. For example, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder often occurs in a child with a conduct disorder. Other factors include being poor and being raised in a chaotic home environment.
ACTH Test
Serum Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, ACTH Test
This test measures the amount of adrenocorticotropic hormone, known as ACTH, in the blood. ACTH is a hormone made by the pituitary gland. It regulates the production and secretion of the hormone cortisol by the adrenal gland.
Who is a candidate for the test?
This test is normally performed on persons with whose hormone levels are not in a healthy range. A doctor may suspect a link with problems in the pituitary gland or the adrenal gland.
How is the test performed?
To measure ACTH levels, a blood sample is taken from a vein on the forearm or hand. First, the skin over the vein is cleaned with an antiseptic. Next, a strong rubber tube called a tourniquet is wrapped around the upper arm. This restricts blood flow in the veins in the lower arm and enlarges them. A fine needle is inserted into a vein, and the tourniquet is removed. Blood flows from the vein through the needle and is collected in a vial for testing in the laboratory. After the needle is withdrawn, the puncture site is covered for a short time to prevent bleeding.
This test measures the amount of adrenocorticotropic hormone, known as ACTH, in the blood. ACTH is a hormone made by the pituitary gland. It regulates the production and secretion of the hormone cortisol by the adrenal gland.
Who is a candidate for the test?
This test is normally performed on persons with whose hormone levels are not in a healthy range. A doctor may suspect a link with problems in the pituitary gland or the adrenal gland.
How is the test performed?
To measure ACTH levels, a blood sample is taken from a vein on the forearm or hand. First, the skin over the vein is cleaned with an antiseptic. Next, a strong rubber tube called a tourniquet is wrapped around the upper arm. This restricts blood flow in the veins in the lower arm and enlarges them. A fine needle is inserted into a vein, and the tourniquet is removed. Blood flows from the vein through the needle and is collected in a vial for testing in the laboratory. After the needle is withdrawn, the puncture site is covered for a short time to prevent bleeding.
ACTH Stimulation Test
ACTH Stimulation Test, Cortrosyn Stimulation Test, Tests of Adrenal Reserve
This test checks how the adrenal glands respond to a certain hormone. The hormone is called adrenocorticotrophic hormone, also known as ACTH. ACTH is made in the pituitary gland and travels through the bloodstream to the adrenal glands. ACTH stimulates the adrenal gland to release cortisol. Cortisol is a key factor in many functions in the body's metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, sodium, potassium, and protein.
Who is a candidate for the test?
This test is ordered when the doctor suspects that a person's adrenal gland is not working the way it should.
How is the test performed?
Cortisol levels in the bloodstream are measured before and after an injection of ACTH into the blood or muscle. A blood sample is taken from a vein on the forearm or hand. First, the skin over the vein is cleaned with an antiseptic. Next, a strong rubber tube, called a tourniquet, is wrapped around the upper arm. This enlarges the veins in the lower arm by restricting blood flow through them. A fine needle is inserted into a vein, and the tourniquet is removed. Blood flows from the vein through the needle and is collected in a syringe or vial for testing in the laboratory. After the needle is withdrawn, the puncture site is covered for a short time to prevent bleeding.
This test checks how the adrenal glands respond to a certain hormone. The hormone is called adrenocorticotrophic hormone, also known as ACTH. ACTH is made in the pituitary gland and travels through the bloodstream to the adrenal glands. ACTH stimulates the adrenal gland to release cortisol. Cortisol is a key factor in many functions in the body's metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, sodium, potassium, and protein.
Who is a candidate for the test?
This test is ordered when the doctor suspects that a person's adrenal gland is not working the way it should.
How is the test performed?
Cortisol levels in the bloodstream are measured before and after an injection of ACTH into the blood or muscle. A blood sample is taken from a vein on the forearm or hand. First, the skin over the vein is cleaned with an antiseptic. Next, a strong rubber tube, called a tourniquet, is wrapped around the upper arm. This enlarges the veins in the lower arm by restricting blood flow through them. A fine needle is inserted into a vein, and the tourniquet is removed. Blood flows from the vein through the needle and is collected in a syringe or vial for testing in the laboratory. After the needle is withdrawn, the puncture site is covered for a short time to prevent bleeding.
Acromegaly
Acromegaly, Hyperpituitarism
Acromegaly is excessive bone growth. It results when a person's body produces too much growth hormone. The condition causes gradual enlargement of the bones in the face, jaw, hands, feet, and skull.
What is going on in the body?
Most cases of acromegaly are caused by a pituitary tumor that is benign, which means that it is not cancer. The tumor causes the pituitary gland to make excess hormones. The high level of growth hormone produces changes in many tissues and organs. Acromegaly occurs after growth has been completed. In most cases, it begins between the ages of 30 and 50.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
The high growth hormone levels that lead to acromegaly are usually caused by a pituitary tumor. No one knows what causes pituitary tumors. They are more common in women than in men.
Acromegaly is excessive bone growth. It results when a person's body produces too much growth hormone. The condition causes gradual enlargement of the bones in the face, jaw, hands, feet, and skull.
What is going on in the body?
Most cases of acromegaly are caused by a pituitary tumor that is benign, which means that it is not cancer. The tumor causes the pituitary gland to make excess hormones. The high level of growth hormone produces changes in many tissues and organs. Acromegaly occurs after growth has been completed. In most cases, it begins between the ages of 30 and 50.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
The high growth hormone levels that lead to acromegaly are usually caused by a pituitary tumor. No one knows what causes pituitary tumors. They are more common in women than in men.
Allergic Reactions
Allergic Reactions, Acquired Sensitivity Reaction, Induced Sensitivity Reaction
An allergic reaction is an immune system response to exposure to a specific substance.
What is going on in the body?
Allergic reactions are fairly common. Most reactions happen soon after contact with an allergen. An allergen is a trigger that causes the reaction after touching a certain part of the body.
# The blood may be exposed from an injection.
# The blood or gut may be exposed from swallowing an allergen.
# The lungs may be exposed from inhaling the allergen.
# The skin may be directly exposed to an allergen.
Usually these reactions are mild and can be treated at home with simple methods. However, some people have a sudden, life-threatening allergic reaction within minutes, called anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis can progress rapidly and result in shock and even death if medical help is not obtained quickly.
Usually, the first exposure produces only a very mild reaction or no reaction at all. For some people, repeated exposure may lead to more serious reactions. Even a small amount of a trigger can lead to a serious reaction in some people. Allergic reactions can affect small areas or the entire body. Most reactions occur within seconds or minutes of exposure. However, some reactions can occur days or weeks after exposure.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
There are few things that do not cause an allergic reaction in some people. However, most people never have an allergic reaction. Those with a family history of allergies are more likely to develop them. People with asthma, hay fever, or a skin condition known as eczema are more likely to develop allergies.
Following are some of the common triggers:
# bee stings
# foods such as peanuts and shrimp, which can trigger a food allergy
# medicines
# metals
# mold
# pets with feathers or fur
# pollens or plants
# synthetic materials
# tiny organisms such as bacteria
An allergic reaction is an immune system response to exposure to a specific substance.
What is going on in the body?
Allergic reactions are fairly common. Most reactions happen soon after contact with an allergen. An allergen is a trigger that causes the reaction after touching a certain part of the body.
# The blood may be exposed from an injection.
# The blood or gut may be exposed from swallowing an allergen.
# The lungs may be exposed from inhaling the allergen.
# The skin may be directly exposed to an allergen.
Usually these reactions are mild and can be treated at home with simple methods. However, some people have a sudden, life-threatening allergic reaction within minutes, called anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis can progress rapidly and result in shock and even death if medical help is not obtained quickly.
Usually, the first exposure produces only a very mild reaction or no reaction at all. For some people, repeated exposure may lead to more serious reactions. Even a small amount of a trigger can lead to a serious reaction in some people. Allergic reactions can affect small areas or the entire body. Most reactions occur within seconds or minutes of exposure. However, some reactions can occur days or weeks after exposure.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
There are few things that do not cause an allergic reaction in some people. However, most people never have an allergic reaction. Those with a family history of allergies are more likely to develop them. People with asthma, hay fever, or a skin condition known as eczema are more likely to develop allergies.
Following are some of the common triggers:
# bee stings
# foods such as peanuts and shrimp, which can trigger a food allergy
# medicines
# metals
# mold
# pets with feathers or fur
# pollens or plants
# synthetic materials
# tiny organisms such as bacteria
Acquired Platelet Function Disorder
Acquired Qualitative Platelet Disorder
An acquired platelet function disorder refers to an abnormality in the clotting ability of the platelets that develops sometime after birth. Platelets are a type of cell found in the blood that help the blood to clot. A number of disorders can affect the function of platelets.
What is going on in the body?
Platelets, along with a number of other substances in the blood, help blood to clot. When a person cuts him- or herself, blood must clot, or turn solid, to stop the bleeding. When platelets lose their ability to function for any reason, abnormal bleeding and bruising may occur.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
There are many possible causes of acquired platelet function defect. Common causes are as follows:
# certain cancers of the blood, such as multiple myeloma and polycythemia vera
# long-standing kidney failure, known as chronic renal failure
# medicines, including aspirin, penicillin, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which are called NSAIDs
# open heart surgery
# severe liver disease, such as cirrhosis
# systemic lupus erythematosus, which is an autoimmune disorder where a person's immune system attacks his or her own body for unknown reasons
An acquired platelet function disorder refers to an abnormality in the clotting ability of the platelets that develops sometime after birth. Platelets are a type of cell found in the blood that help the blood to clot. A number of disorders can affect the function of platelets.
What is going on in the body?
Platelets, along with a number of other substances in the blood, help blood to clot. When a person cuts him- or herself, blood must clot, or turn solid, to stop the bleeding. When platelets lose their ability to function for any reason, abnormal bleeding and bruising may occur.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
There are many possible causes of acquired platelet function defect. Common causes are as follows:
# certain cancers of the blood, such as multiple myeloma and polycythemia vera
# long-standing kidney failure, known as chronic renal failure
# medicines, including aspirin, penicillin, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which are called NSAIDs
# open heart surgery
# severe liver disease, such as cirrhosis
# systemic lupus erythematosus, which is an autoimmune disorder where a person's immune system attacks his or her own body for unknown reasons
HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus, AIDS, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV, infection damages the body's immune system. Over time, it leads to acquired immune deficiency syndrome, or AIDS.
What is going on in the body?
HIV affects the immune system in broad and devastating ways. Its main target is a special immune system cell called the CD4+ T lymphocyte. These cells help the body fight infections of all kinds. When HIV infects these cells, it decreases their numbers and affects how the cells that are left function.
After an adult is infected with HIV, he or she usually has no obvious symptoms for 5 to 10 years. During this time, however, the virus is slowly attacking the immune system. When the immune system is weakened enough, it becomes susceptible to other organisms that the body can usually fight off or keep under control. These other organisms include bacteria, other viruses, fungi, and parasites.
Many serious health problems occur as a result of the immune system damage caused by HIV. The most serious is AIDS.
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
HIV infection is caused by a type of virus known as a lentivirus. Seventy percent of HIV infections worldwide are sexually transmitted, or spread by sexual contact. The remaining 30% of the infections are spread in one of the following ways:
# by contact with HIV-infected blood or other secretions at the site of a cut or wound
# by skin punctures from needles or other sharp devices contaminated with HIV-infected blood or other body secretions
# from contaminated blood products received before March 1985, when a screening test for HIV in blood products was first used
# from mother to infant around the time of birth
# through breastfeeding
Following are some of the risk factors for HIV infections:
# having received blood transfusions or blood products, especially from 1975 to March 1985
# having received pooled plasma for treatment of hemophilia, a blood clotting disorder
# intravenous drug use
# sexual activity with an infected individual, particularly male homosexual contact
Human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV, infection damages the body's immune system. Over time, it leads to acquired immune deficiency syndrome, or AIDS.
What is going on in the body?
HIV affects the immune system in broad and devastating ways. Its main target is a special immune system cell called the CD4+ T lymphocyte. These cells help the body fight infections of all kinds. When HIV infects these cells, it decreases their numbers and affects how the cells that are left function.
After an adult is infected with HIV, he or she usually has no obvious symptoms for 5 to 10 years. During this time, however, the virus is slowly attacking the immune system. When the immune system is weakened enough, it becomes susceptible to other organisms that the body can usually fight off or keep under control. These other organisms include bacteria, other viruses, fungi, and parasites.
Many serious health problems occur as a result of the immune system damage caused by HIV. The most serious is AIDS.
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
HIV infection is caused by a type of virus known as a lentivirus. Seventy percent of HIV infections worldwide are sexually transmitted, or spread by sexual contact. The remaining 30% of the infections are spread in one of the following ways:
# by contact with HIV-infected blood or other secretions at the site of a cut or wound
# by skin punctures from needles or other sharp devices contaminated with HIV-infected blood or other body secretions
# from contaminated blood products received before March 1985, when a screening test for HIV in blood products was first used
# from mother to infant around the time of birth
# through breastfeeding
Following are some of the risk factors for HIV infections:
# having received blood transfusions or blood products, especially from 1975 to March 1985
# having received pooled plasma for treatment of hemophilia, a blood clotting disorder
# intravenous drug use
# sexual activity with an infected individual, particularly male homosexual contact
Occupational Hearing Loss
Noise-Induced Hearing Loss, Acoustic Trauma
Occupational hearing loss is a condition caused by environmental factors that damage structures involved in hearing. These structures include the ear, nerves, and brain.
What is going on in the body?
Sounds cause the eardrum to vibrate. Small bones transmit the vibration to the inner ear, which is filled with fluid. A bone in the inner ear called the stapes moves and creates a fluid wave. Hair cells in the snail-shell shaped cochlea in the inner ear detect these waves and convert them into nerve signals. These nerve signals are transmitted to the auditory nerve. The auditory nerve sends the signal into the brain, where it is interpreted as sound.
The snail-shell shape of the cochlea is arranged by pitch. At the top of the snail shell, low-frequency sounds are picked up. In the bottom turn of the snail shell, high pitches are detected. There are about 25,000 rows of hair cells, and each row responds to a particular pitch.
The hair cells can be damaged by loud noises. These noises may be consistently loud, such as at a rock concert, or very brief, such as sound from an explosion. Acute noise injury can cause both temporary and permanent damage. Over time, loud sounds can cause permanent injury because hair cells are lost. As hair cells are lost, the person becomes unable to hear sounds at those frequencies. The high-frequency first turn of the cochlea is the most easily injured area of the inner ear.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
Most cases of occupational hearing loss develop gradually. Common environmental factors that contribute to hearing loss include the following:
# harmful gases, such as carbon monoxide
# heat
# a loud, intense burst of sound, such as a gunshot
# loud noise over a long period of time
# metals, such as lead, arsenic, manganese, and mercury
# solvents, such as toluene and other chemicals used in manufacturing
Individuals who are exposed to noise along with one of the other environmental factors may experience more significant hearing loss
Occupational hearing loss is a condition caused by environmental factors that damage structures involved in hearing. These structures include the ear, nerves, and brain.
What is going on in the body?
Sounds cause the eardrum to vibrate. Small bones transmit the vibration to the inner ear, which is filled with fluid. A bone in the inner ear called the stapes moves and creates a fluid wave. Hair cells in the snail-shell shaped cochlea in the inner ear detect these waves and convert them into nerve signals. These nerve signals are transmitted to the auditory nerve. The auditory nerve sends the signal into the brain, where it is interpreted as sound.
The snail-shell shape of the cochlea is arranged by pitch. At the top of the snail shell, low-frequency sounds are picked up. In the bottom turn of the snail shell, high pitches are detected. There are about 25,000 rows of hair cells, and each row responds to a particular pitch.
The hair cells can be damaged by loud noises. These noises may be consistently loud, such as at a rock concert, or very brief, such as sound from an explosion. Acute noise injury can cause both temporary and permanent damage. Over time, loud sounds can cause permanent injury because hair cells are lost. As hair cells are lost, the person becomes unable to hear sounds at those frequencies. The high-frequency first turn of the cochlea is the most easily injured area of the inner ear.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
Most cases of occupational hearing loss develop gradually. Common environmental factors that contribute to hearing loss include the following:
# harmful gases, such as carbon monoxide
# heat
# a loud, intense burst of sound, such as a gunshot
# loud noise over a long period of time
# metals, such as lead, arsenic, manganese, and mercury
# solvents, such as toluene and other chemicals used in manufacturing
Individuals who are exposed to noise along with one of the other environmental factors may experience more significant hearing loss
Rosacea
Acne Rosacea
Rosacea is a chronic inflammation that occurs on the skin of the face. It usually appears between the ages of 30 and 50.
What is going on in the body?
Rosacea results in blushing, enlarged blood vessels in the surface of the skin, red pimple-like bumps, and the thickening of the skin's oil glands. It primarily occurs over the middle face, nose, and cheeks.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
The exact cause of rosacea is unknown. This disorder is common in people with fair skin, from Northern European ethnic backgrounds. A person with rosacea often has a history of reddened skin and acne, or pimples.
Rosacea is a chronic inflammation that occurs on the skin of the face. It usually appears between the ages of 30 and 50.
What is going on in the body?
Rosacea results in blushing, enlarged blood vessels in the surface of the skin, red pimple-like bumps, and the thickening of the skin's oil glands. It primarily occurs over the middle face, nose, and cheeks.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
The exact cause of rosacea is unknown. This disorder is common in people with fair skin, from Northern European ethnic backgrounds. A person with rosacea often has a history of reddened skin and acne, or pimples.
Acne
Acne Vulgaris, Pimples
Acne is a common skin condition in which the hair follicles become clogged with sebum. The hair follicles are the openings around the hair shaft, and sebum is the oil produced by the glands within the follicle. The clogged follicles cause pimples and inflamed infected abscesses, or collections of pus.
What is going on in the body?
Acne tends to develop in teenagers because of an interaction among hormones, sebum, and bacteria. During puberty, the glands in the skin produce excessive sebum. In acne-prone skin, the sebum and dead skin cells clog the hair follicles and form comedones, or clogged pores.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
Acne is caused by 4 factors:
# hormones, particularly the hormone called androgen
# increased production of sebum, the oily substance within the hair follicles
# changes in the lining of the hair follicles
# bacteria, including organisms that normally live on the skin surface. When these bacteria are trapped within the hair follicles, they can cause infections and inflame the follicles.
Virtually every adolescent experiences some comedones. Generally, acne starts at about age 10 to 13, and lasts for 5 to 10 years. Around the age of 14 or 15, 40% of adolescents have acne that is serious enough to require a visit to a healthcare provider. Acne occurs in both male and female adolescents, but males are more likely to have a severe form of acne. Some people develop acne for the first time as an adult.
Certain forms of acne tend to run in families. If an adolescent's parents or older siblings have severe acne, the adolescent has a higher risk of developing severe acne.
Risk factors for development or worsening of acne include the following:
# makeup and skin care products, which can clog the hair follicles
# menstrual cycles in females. A female is more likely to have flare-ups of acne around the time of her period, when her glands are more sensitive to the hormone androgen.
# airborne grease, such as in a fast-food restaurant
# routine exposure to products, such as motor oil in an automotive shop
# rubbing and friction of the skin by hair, clothing, or sporting equipment
Acne is a common skin condition in which the hair follicles become clogged with sebum. The hair follicles are the openings around the hair shaft, and sebum is the oil produced by the glands within the follicle. The clogged follicles cause pimples and inflamed infected abscesses, or collections of pus.
What is going on in the body?
Acne tends to develop in teenagers because of an interaction among hormones, sebum, and bacteria. During puberty, the glands in the skin produce excessive sebum. In acne-prone skin, the sebum and dead skin cells clog the hair follicles and form comedones, or clogged pores.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
Acne is caused by 4 factors:
# hormones, particularly the hormone called androgen
# increased production of sebum, the oily substance within the hair follicles
# changes in the lining of the hair follicles
# bacteria, including organisms that normally live on the skin surface. When these bacteria are trapped within the hair follicles, they can cause infections and inflame the follicles.
Virtually every adolescent experiences some comedones. Generally, acne starts at about age 10 to 13, and lasts for 5 to 10 years. Around the age of 14 or 15, 40% of adolescents have acne that is serious enough to require a visit to a healthcare provider. Acne occurs in both male and female adolescents, but males are more likely to have a severe form of acne. Some people develop acne for the first time as an adult.
Certain forms of acne tend to run in families. If an adolescent's parents or older siblings have severe acne, the adolescent has a higher risk of developing severe acne.
Risk factors for development or worsening of acne include the following:
# makeup and skin care products, which can clog the hair follicles
# menstrual cycles in females. A female is more likely to have flare-ups of acne around the time of her period, when her glands are more sensitive to the hormone androgen.
# airborne grease, such as in a fast-food restaurant
# routine exposure to products, such as motor oil in an automotive shop
# rubbing and friction of the skin by hair, clothing, or sporting equipment
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
ACL Injury
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a band of fibrous tissue that provides support to the knee joint. It keeps the tibia from slipping forward on the femur. The tibia is one of the bones in the lower leg. The femur is the thighbone. An ACL injury occurs when the ligament tears.
What are the causes and risks of the injury?
In ACL injuries, the knee may be twisted or extended beyond its normal range of motion. Lack of muscle conditioning and poor coordination are risk factors. Wearing the wrong shoes for the type of athletic field, such as cleats on artificial turf, can increase the risk. Skiers whose bindings are too tight are also at risk.
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a band of fibrous tissue that provides support to the knee joint. It keeps the tibia from slipping forward on the femur. The tibia is one of the bones in the lower leg. The femur is the thighbone. An ACL injury occurs when the ligament tears.
What are the causes and risks of the injury?
In ACL injuries, the knee may be twisted or extended beyond its normal range of motion. Lack of muscle conditioning and poor coordination are risk factors. Wearing the wrong shoes for the type of athletic field, such as cleats on artificial turf, can increase the risk. Skiers whose bindings are too tight are also at risk.
Acid Phosphatase Test
Prostatic Acid Phosphatase Test, Serum Acid Phosphatase Test, PAP Test, Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase Test, TRAP Test
The acid phosphatase test measures the level of acid phosphatase in the blood. Acid phosphatase is an enzyme found in the prostate gland, semen, liver, spleen, blood cells, and bone marrow. If these organs and tissues are not functioning right, they may release acid phosphatase into the bloodstream.
Who is a candidate for the test?
The acid phosphatase test is used primarily to diagnose and stage cancer of the prostate and to monitor the effect of the treatment. It may also be used to detect damage to the heart, liver, and other organs.
How is the test performed?
To measure the amount of acid phosphatase in the blood, a blood sample is taken from a vein in the arm. First, the skin over the vein is cleaned with an antiseptic. A tourniquet is wrapped around the upper arm to enlarge the veins. A small needle is inserted into a vein, and blood is collected for testing in the laboratory. After the tourniquet is removed, a cotton ball is held over the needle site until bleeding stops.
The acid phosphatase test measures the level of acid phosphatase in the blood. Acid phosphatase is an enzyme found in the prostate gland, semen, liver, spleen, blood cells, and bone marrow. If these organs and tissues are not functioning right, they may release acid phosphatase into the bloodstream.
Who is a candidate for the test?
The acid phosphatase test is used primarily to diagnose and stage cancer of the prostate and to monitor the effect of the treatment. It may also be used to detect damage to the heart, liver, and other organs.
How is the test performed?
To measure the amount of acid phosphatase in the blood, a blood sample is taken from a vein in the arm. First, the skin over the vein is cleaned with an antiseptic. A tourniquet is wrapped around the upper arm to enlarge the veins. A small needle is inserted into a vein, and blood is collected for testing in the laboratory. After the tourniquet is removed, a cotton ball is held over the needle site until bleeding stops.
Metabolic Acidosis
Acidosis, Metabolic
Metabolic acidosis is a condition in which the acid level within the blood is higher than normal. By definition, the condition is not due to breathing problems, which is known as respiratory acidosis.
What is going on in the body?
The lungs and kidneys help control the amount of acid in the blood. These two organs work hard to keep a normal level of acid in the blood. Certain non-lung diseases and conditions, when severe, can overwhelm the kidneys. Alternatively, the kidneys themselves may not work. Either of these situations can cause high acid levels in the blood, or metabolic acidosis.
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
Metabolic acidosis can be caused by many different situations, including:
# some types of kidney disease or kidney failure
# an overdose of aspirin
# ingestion of ethylene glycol, a chemical found in antifreeze
# shock, a condition that occurs in very sick people due to poor blood flow throughout the body
# diabetic ketoacidosis, a condition that occurs in certain people with uncontrolled type 1 diabetes mellitus
# medications, such as a diuretic or "fluid pill" called acetazolamide. A diabetes medication called metformin occasionally causes metabolic acidosis.
# severe diarrhea
Other causes are also possible.
Metabolic acidosis is a condition in which the acid level within the blood is higher than normal. By definition, the condition is not due to breathing problems, which is known as respiratory acidosis.
What is going on in the body?
The lungs and kidneys help control the amount of acid in the blood. These two organs work hard to keep a normal level of acid in the blood. Certain non-lung diseases and conditions, when severe, can overwhelm the kidneys. Alternatively, the kidneys themselves may not work. Either of these situations can cause high acid levels in the blood, or metabolic acidosis.
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
Metabolic acidosis can be caused by many different situations, including:
# some types of kidney disease or kidney failure
# an overdose of aspirin
# ingestion of ethylene glycol, a chemical found in antifreeze
# shock, a condition that occurs in very sick people due to poor blood flow throughout the body
# diabetic ketoacidosis, a condition that occurs in certain people with uncontrolled type 1 diabetes mellitus
# medications, such as a diuretic or "fluid pill" called acetazolamide. A diabetes medication called metformin occasionally causes metabolic acidosis.
# severe diarrhea
Other causes are also possible.
Color Blindness
Dyschromatopsia, Achromatopsia, Color Vision Deficiency
Color blindness ranges from the inability to distinguish similar shades of a color, to the complete inability to see color. Dyschromatopsia refers to the ability to see some colors, but not others. Achromatopsia, which is rare, refers to the inability to see colors at all.
What is going on in the body?
Most of the time, color blindness is a genetic defect that is present when the individual is born. Less commonly, color blindness occurs as part of aging or is caused by a medication or disease.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
Color blindness is usually caused by an inherited trait. Dyschromatopsia, or the inability to see some colors, occurs in about 8% of men and less than 1% of women. Color blindness may also be caused by some medications or by normal aging of the lens of the eye. Disorders of the retina of the eye, or of the optic nerve from the eye to the brain, may also interfere with color perception
Color blindness ranges from the inability to distinguish similar shades of a color, to the complete inability to see color. Dyschromatopsia refers to the ability to see some colors, but not others. Achromatopsia, which is rare, refers to the inability to see colors at all.
What is going on in the body?
Most of the time, color blindness is a genetic defect that is present when the individual is born. Less commonly, color blindness occurs as part of aging or is caused by a medication or disease.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
Color blindness is usually caused by an inherited trait. Dyschromatopsia, or the inability to see some colors, occurs in about 8% of men and less than 1% of women. Color blindness may also be caused by some medications or by normal aging of the lens of the eye. Disorders of the retina of the eye, or of the optic nerve from the eye to the brain, may also interfere with color perception
Achondroplasia
Achondroplastic Dwarfism
Achondroplasia is an inherited disorder that causes short stature.
What is going on in the body?
When a person has achondroplasia, abnormal cartilage at the growth plates of the bones cause short stature. Men with achondroplasia are usually less than 52-inches tall. Women are somewhat shorter.
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
Achondroplasia is caused by a defective gene. It is one of the most common forms of dwarfism. This disease affects both sexes and people from all racial and national groups.
Achondroplasia is an inherited disorder that causes short stature.
What is going on in the body?
When a person has achondroplasia, abnormal cartilage at the growth plates of the bones cause short stature. Men with achondroplasia are usually less than 52-inches tall. Women are somewhat shorter.
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
Achondroplasia is caused by a defective gene. It is one of the most common forms of dwarfism. This disease affects both sexes and people from all racial and national groups.
Achilles Tendinitis
Achilles tendinitis is an inflammation of the Achilles tendon, sometimes called the heel cord, which connects the calf muscles to the heel bone.
What is going on in the body?
Achilles tendinitis is usually the result of an injury or tiny tears in the tendon fibers. Two types exist:
# insertional, where the tendon attaches to the heel bone
# noninsertional, which occurs slightly higher up the tendon
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
Multiple factors may cause Achilles tendinitis. The most common is overuse of the tendon. Often, a sudden increase in training, running, mileage, or speed will bring on symptoms. Pressure from the hard back of an athletic shoe can irritate the tendon over the heel. Landing hard on the arch of the foot may contribute to the strain on the Achilles tendon.
What is going on in the body?
Achilles tendinitis is usually the result of an injury or tiny tears in the tendon fibers. Two types exist:
# insertional, where the tendon attaches to the heel bone
# noninsertional, which occurs slightly higher up the tendon
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
Multiple factors may cause Achilles tendinitis. The most common is overuse of the tendon. Often, a sudden increase in training, running, mileage, or speed will bring on symptoms. Pressure from the hard back of an athletic shoe can irritate the tendon over the heel. Landing hard on the arch of the foot may contribute to the strain on the Achilles tendon.
Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody
ACHr Ab, Edrophonium Test, Anti-Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody
This test determines the amount of edrophonium in a person's body. Edrophonium is a molecule that stimulates muscle contractions.
Who is a candidate for the test?
The acetylcholine receptor antibody test is used to diagnose myasthenia gravis, a condition in which the muscles become tired and weak. It is also used to monitor reponse to therapy for myasthenia gravis.
How is the test performed?
A small puncture is made on the fingertip using a sharp needle. The finger is gently squeezed to obtain a drop of blood. The blood is placed on specially-treated paper that can detect antibodies to acetylcholine receptors in the blood.
This test determines the amount of edrophonium in a person's body. Edrophonium is a molecule that stimulates muscle contractions.
Who is a candidate for the test?
The acetylcholine receptor antibody test is used to diagnose myasthenia gravis, a condition in which the muscles become tired and weak. It is also used to monitor reponse to therapy for myasthenia gravis.
How is the test performed?
A small puncture is made on the fingertip using a sharp needle. The finger is gently squeezed to obtain a drop of blood. The blood is placed on specially-treated paper that can detect antibodies to acetylcholine receptors in the blood.
Congenital Dislocation of the Hip
CDH, Congenital Dysplasia of the Hip, Congenital Subluxation of the Hip, Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip, Acetabular Dysplasia
This condition refers to malformation of the hip joint during fetal development. In this condition, the head of the thighbone or femur, does not sit properly in the socket of the pelvis.
What is going on in the body?
Joints and bones usually grow normally during fetal development. However, in a small percentage of newborns, the pelvis has not formed its usual deep socket. Therefore, the head of the thighbone can slip partially or completely out of the socket.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
This condition can be caused by the way the legs of the fetus are positioned in the womb. It is more likely to occur in people with a family history of the disorder. It also affects girls more often than boys. It is three times more likely to occur in the left hip than the right. It is more common after a breech delivery, among large babies and in twins. Congenital hip dislocation is frequently associated with other conditions such as spina bifida, sternomastoid torticollis, or Down syndrome.
This condition refers to malformation of the hip joint during fetal development. In this condition, the head of the thighbone or femur, does not sit properly in the socket of the pelvis.
What is going on in the body?
Joints and bones usually grow normally during fetal development. However, in a small percentage of newborns, the pelvis has not formed its usual deep socket. Therefore, the head of the thighbone can slip partially or completely out of the socket.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
This condition can be caused by the way the legs of the fetus are positioned in the womb. It is more likely to occur in people with a family history of the disorder. It also affects girls more often than boys. It is three times more likely to occur in the left hip than the right. It is more common after a breech delivery, among large babies and in twins. Congenital hip dislocation is frequently associated with other conditions such as spina bifida, sternomastoid torticollis, or Down syndrome.
Acanthosis Nigricans
AN
Acanthosis nigricans is a disease that causes dark, thick areas on the skin. The areas affected are spread out, and the skin is velvety. It is most common in the armpits and other body folds.
What is going on in the body?
There are four types of acanthosis nigricans.
# Gougerot-Carteaud syndrome occurs in young females and is probably inherited.
# Malignant acanthosis nigricans is sometimes seen in adults with cancer of the genital, urinary, or gastrointestinal systems.
# Miescher syndrome is an inherited disease that causes skin lesions for no apparent reason.
# Pseudoacanthosis nigricans is caused by a hormone imbalance in the body that may cause excess insulin in the blood.
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
There are many causes of acanthosis nigricans, including the following:
# Addison disease, which is caused by a deficiency of hormones from the adrenal gland
# diabetes
# disorders of the pituitary gland within the brain
# genetic causes
# growth hormone therapy
# hypothyroidism, which means low levels of thyroid hormone that are caused by decreased activity of the thyroid gland
# insulin resistance caused by obesity
# oral contraceptives
# some medicines, such as nicotinic acid, which are used to treat high cholesterol
Acanthosis nigricans is a disease that causes dark, thick areas on the skin. The areas affected are spread out, and the skin is velvety. It is most common in the armpits and other body folds.
What is going on in the body?
There are four types of acanthosis nigricans.
# Gougerot-Carteaud syndrome occurs in young females and is probably inherited.
# Malignant acanthosis nigricans is sometimes seen in adults with cancer of the genital, urinary, or gastrointestinal systems.
# Miescher syndrome is an inherited disease that causes skin lesions for no apparent reason.
# Pseudoacanthosis nigricans is caused by a hormone imbalance in the body that may cause excess insulin in the blood.
What are the causes and risks of the disease?
There are many causes of acanthosis nigricans, including the following:
# Addison disease, which is caused by a deficiency of hormones from the adrenal gland
# diabetes
# disorders of the pituitary gland within the brain
# genetic causes
# growth hormone therapy
# hypothyroidism, which means low levels of thyroid hormone that are caused by decreased activity of the thyroid gland
# insulin resistance caused by obesity
# oral contraceptives
# some medicines, such as nicotinic acid, which are used to treat high cholesterol
Learning Disability
LD, Academic Disorders, Learning Disorder
When a person has a learning disability, he or she is unable to obtain or express knowledge appropriately. Learning disabilities may also involve mental processes used in understanding or using written or spoken language.
What is going on in the body?
It is generally believed that the brain functions differently in a person with a learning disability. A person with a learning disability has average to above-average intelligence when measured by standardized testing. However, the person's reading, math, or written expression is much lower than expected for age, schooling, and environment. Learning disorders may affect a person's ability to read, write, spell, speak, or perform math problems.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
The exact causes of a learning disability are unknown. The way a person's brain works may cause learning disabilities. Certain biological, genetic, or environmental factors are linked with learning disabilities. Boys are affected 4 to 5 times more than girls. Learning disabilities can run in families. The following factors may contribute to the cause of learning disability:
# genetics
# injury to the fetus
# medical problems the mother had during pregnancy
# prenatal exposure to drugs, alcohol, nicotine, or other toxic substances
# lead poisoning
# premature birth, low birth weight, or birth trauma
# head injury
# poor nutrition, either the child's or the mother's when she was pregnant
# certain medical problems, such as asthma, allergies, or diabetes
When a person has a learning disability, he or she is unable to obtain or express knowledge appropriately. Learning disabilities may also involve mental processes used in understanding or using written or spoken language.
What is going on in the body?
It is generally believed that the brain functions differently in a person with a learning disability. A person with a learning disability has average to above-average intelligence when measured by standardized testing. However, the person's reading, math, or written expression is much lower than expected for age, schooling, and environment. Learning disorders may affect a person's ability to read, write, spell, speak, or perform math problems.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
The exact causes of a learning disability are unknown. The way a person's brain works may cause learning disabilities. Certain biological, genetic, or environmental factors are linked with learning disabilities. Boys are affected 4 to 5 times more than girls. Learning disabilities can run in families. The following factors may contribute to the cause of learning disability:
# genetics
# injury to the fetus
# medical problems the mother had during pregnancy
# prenatal exposure to drugs, alcohol, nicotine, or other toxic substances
# lead poisoning
# premature birth, low birth weight, or birth trauma
# head injury
# poor nutrition, either the child's or the mother's when she was pregnant
# certain medical problems, such as asthma, allergies, or diabetes
Abuse of Spouse OR Partner
Domestic Abuse
Abuse of spouse or partner occurs when one partner attempts to harm the other in a relationship in which the two people are dating, married, or living together. A recent study of girls in 9th through 12th grade found that one out of five girls was physically and/or sexually abused by a dating partner.
Abuse can take different forms, for example:
# Emotional abuse. In this type of abuse, the abuser might make angry remarks in private or public that cause the victim to feel worthless and ashamed.
# Physical abuse. This type of abuse can include hitting, slapping, punching, or beating.
# Sexual abuse. This type of abuse can mean forcing a partner to have sex against his or her will. It can also include making a partner do sexual acts that he or she finds degrading. Forcing a woman to risk pregnancy or sexually transmitted disease is another form of sexual abuse.
What are the causes and risks of the injury?
Spousal abuse happens to people of all religions, ethnic origins, and income levels. It happens in both man-woman and same-sex relationships. Women are the victims of domestic violence in 9 out of 10 cases, most often when they are between the ages of 19 and 29.
Recent studies show a man is more likely to abuse his spouse or partner if he has been violent in the past. A partnership also has a higher chance of becoming violent if one or more of the following risk factors are present.
# At least one partner has committed child abuse before.
# At least one partner has not finished high school.
# At least one partner has problems with drug abuse or addiction.
# At least one partner is a blue-collar worker.
# At least one partner is between the ages of 18 and 30.
# At least one partner is unemployed.
# Each partner has a different religion.
# The couple lives together but are unmarried.
# The couple has poor living conditions.
# The male partner saw his father hit his mother.
When two of these factors are present in a relationship, the risk of violence doubles. A couple with seven or more of these risk factors is 40 times more likely to have an abusive relationship.
Experts know that teens who have been abused are at higher risk for other health problems. However, we do not yet know whether the health problems came before the abuse or if the abuse increased the risk for the health problems. These problems include:
# teen pregnancy
# alcohol use, including binge drinking
# cocaine abuse
# risky sexual behaviors, including sex before age 15 and with many partners
# smoking
# suicidal attempts or thoughts
# unhealthy weight management, including eating disorders
Abuse of spouse or partner occurs when one partner attempts to harm the other in a relationship in which the two people are dating, married, or living together. A recent study of girls in 9th through 12th grade found that one out of five girls was physically and/or sexually abused by a dating partner.
Abuse can take different forms, for example:
# Emotional abuse. In this type of abuse, the abuser might make angry remarks in private or public that cause the victim to feel worthless and ashamed.
# Physical abuse. This type of abuse can include hitting, slapping, punching, or beating.
# Sexual abuse. This type of abuse can mean forcing a partner to have sex against his or her will. It can also include making a partner do sexual acts that he or she finds degrading. Forcing a woman to risk pregnancy or sexually transmitted disease is another form of sexual abuse.
What are the causes and risks of the injury?
Spousal abuse happens to people of all religions, ethnic origins, and income levels. It happens in both man-woman and same-sex relationships. Women are the victims of domestic violence in 9 out of 10 cases, most often when they are between the ages of 19 and 29.
Recent studies show a man is more likely to abuse his spouse or partner if he has been violent in the past. A partnership also has a higher chance of becoming violent if one or more of the following risk factors are present.
# At least one partner has committed child abuse before.
# At least one partner has not finished high school.
# At least one partner has problems with drug abuse or addiction.
# At least one partner is a blue-collar worker.
# At least one partner is between the ages of 18 and 30.
# At least one partner is unemployed.
# Each partner has a different religion.
# The couple lives together but are unmarried.
# The couple has poor living conditions.
# The male partner saw his father hit his mother.
When two of these factors are present in a relationship, the risk of violence doubles. A couple with seven or more of these risk factors is 40 times more likely to have an abusive relationship.
Experts know that teens who have been abused are at higher risk for other health problems. However, we do not yet know whether the health problems came before the abuse or if the abuse increased the risk for the health problems. These problems include:
# teen pregnancy
# alcohol use, including binge drinking
# cocaine abuse
# risky sexual behaviors, including sex before age 15 and with many partners
# smoking
# suicidal attempts or thoughts
# unhealthy weight management, including eating disorders
Abuse, Elder
Elder Abuse, Institutional Abuse, Domestic Abuse
Elder abuse is the mistreatment of an older person. It may occur while the person is living alone, with others, or in an institution.
# Domestic elder abuse refers to mistreatment by someone who has a special relationship with the elder. This person could be a spouse, sibling, child, friend, or other caregiver.
# Institutional abuse refers to mistreatment of someone living in a facility for older persons. This includes nursing homes, foster homes, group homes, or board and care facilities where staff is paid to provide care.
# Self-neglect occurs when the behavior of an older person living alone threatens his or her own health or safety.
There are four common types of elder abuse.
# Physical abuse is pain or injury inflicted on purpose by a caregiver. It may include slapping, pushing, pinching, beating, physical restraint, or sexual assault.
# Psychological or emotional abuse is mental suffering inflicted intentionally by a caregiver. It may include humiliation, intimidation, threats, and destruction of belongings.
# Financial abuse is improper or illegal use of the resources of an older person without consent. It may include the sale of a home or belongings.
# Neglect is failing to provide reasonable care. For example, a person may be abandoned or denied food or healthcare.
What are the causes and risks of the injury?
A study by the National Center for Elder Abuse found there were nearly 300,000 reports of domestic elder abuse in 1996. This was a 150% increase over the previous 10 years! Plus, the study noted that for each incident reported, as many as another 13 may have gone unreported.
Psychological, social, and economic factors all contribute to elder abuse. One or more of these issues may trigger it:
# Caregiver stress. Caring for older, frail people can be time-consuming and very stressful. The stress is greater when the older person is mentally or physically impaired.
# Cycle of violence. Some families act more violent than others. Violence is a learned behavior passed down from parents to children. In these families, abusive behavior is the normal response to tension or conflict. Spouses are also one of the most common elder abusers. In these cases, the elder abuse is often a continuation of a pattern of spousal abuse started years earlier.
# Impaired mental or physical health. Elders in poor health are more likely to be abused than those in good health. Abuse tends to occur when an older person's mental or physical health worsens and stress rises.
# Personal problems of the abuser. Adult children who abuse their parents may suffer from mental disorders, alcohol dependence, drug abuse or addiction, and financial problems. They may have just finished raising their children and now find themselves tied down again taking care of a parent.
The typical victim of elder abuse is a widowed, white woman. In her mid-70s or older, she lives on a fixed income. However, it's vital to note that victims do not have to fit the typical picture. Elder abuse happens in all ethnic groups, races, and economic groups.
The abuser is often a spouse or adult child. Two-thirds of abusers are family members, most of them serving in the caregiving role. Often, the victim does not report the abuse. He or she may:
# fear revenge by the abuser
# feel embarrassed
# worry about being put into an institution
Elder abuse is the mistreatment of an older person. It may occur while the person is living alone, with others, or in an institution.
# Domestic elder abuse refers to mistreatment by someone who has a special relationship with the elder. This person could be a spouse, sibling, child, friend, or other caregiver.
# Institutional abuse refers to mistreatment of someone living in a facility for older persons. This includes nursing homes, foster homes, group homes, or board and care facilities where staff is paid to provide care.
# Self-neglect occurs when the behavior of an older person living alone threatens his or her own health or safety.
There are four common types of elder abuse.
# Physical abuse is pain or injury inflicted on purpose by a caregiver. It may include slapping, pushing, pinching, beating, physical restraint, or sexual assault.
# Psychological or emotional abuse is mental suffering inflicted intentionally by a caregiver. It may include humiliation, intimidation, threats, and destruction of belongings.
# Financial abuse is improper or illegal use of the resources of an older person without consent. It may include the sale of a home or belongings.
# Neglect is failing to provide reasonable care. For example, a person may be abandoned or denied food or healthcare.
What are the causes and risks of the injury?
A study by the National Center for Elder Abuse found there were nearly 300,000 reports of domestic elder abuse in 1996. This was a 150% increase over the previous 10 years! Plus, the study noted that for each incident reported, as many as another 13 may have gone unreported.
Psychological, social, and economic factors all contribute to elder abuse. One or more of these issues may trigger it:
# Caregiver stress. Caring for older, frail people can be time-consuming and very stressful. The stress is greater when the older person is mentally or physically impaired.
# Cycle of violence. Some families act more violent than others. Violence is a learned behavior passed down from parents to children. In these families, abusive behavior is the normal response to tension or conflict. Spouses are also one of the most common elder abusers. In these cases, the elder abuse is often a continuation of a pattern of spousal abuse started years earlier.
# Impaired mental or physical health. Elders in poor health are more likely to be abused than those in good health. Abuse tends to occur when an older person's mental or physical health worsens and stress rises.
# Personal problems of the abuser. Adult children who abuse their parents may suffer from mental disorders, alcohol dependence, drug abuse or addiction, and financial problems. They may have just finished raising their children and now find themselves tied down again taking care of a parent.
The typical victim of elder abuse is a widowed, white woman. In her mid-70s or older, she lives on a fixed income. However, it's vital to note that victims do not have to fit the typical picture. Elder abuse happens in all ethnic groups, races, and economic groups.
The abuser is often a spouse or adult child. Two-thirds of abusers are family members, most of them serving in the caregiving role. Often, the victim does not report the abuse. He or she may:
# fear revenge by the abuser
# feel embarrassed
# worry about being put into an institution
Abuse During Pregnancy
Abuse during pregnancy is the mistreatment, battering, or abuse of a pregnant woman. The term includes physical, sexual, and emotional violence. Abuse affects women of all ages and from all social and economic backgrounds.
Physical abuse is one of the most common causes of complications during pregnancy. It is estimated that one pregnant woman in four is physically abused. This rate is even higher in pregnant teenagers.
What are the causes and risks of the injury?
The women who are most at risk for abuse during pregnancy are those who have been physically abused before. They may have a history of physical abuse, sexual abuse, or family violence. More abuse is directed toward unmarried pregnant women and those with unplanned pregnancies than other groups.
A woman who is abused may not seek prenatal care early in her pregnancy. When prenatal care is delayed, the fetus's early development can have problems. So early prenatal care is very important. Some of the reasons for late prenatal care are fear of the abuser, low self- esteem, and the lack of a support system. The abuser may try to control the woman and keep the abuse hidden from doctors.
If the woman has any chronic illnesses, abuse can make them worse. These include high blood pressure, diabetes, and asthma. This worsening can have a negative impact on the growing fetus.
Abuse can also increase stress and depression. Stress causes the body to release hormones that can lead to premature labor. These hormones can also decrease the blood flow through the placenta. Decreased blood flow may cause low birth weight.
Stress also makes it harder for the woman to take care of herself during her pregnancy. This results in higher rates of malnutrition and poor weight gain. Abused women are also more prone to pregnancy risks such as smoking or using smokeless tobacco, drinking alcohol, or taking drugs during pregnancy. Good nutrition and rest are very important for a healthy pregnancy.
Physical abuse is one of the most common causes of complications during pregnancy. It is estimated that one pregnant woman in four is physically abused. This rate is even higher in pregnant teenagers.
What are the causes and risks of the injury?
The women who are most at risk for abuse during pregnancy are those who have been physically abused before. They may have a history of physical abuse, sexual abuse, or family violence. More abuse is directed toward unmarried pregnant women and those with unplanned pregnancies than other groups.
A woman who is abused may not seek prenatal care early in her pregnancy. When prenatal care is delayed, the fetus's early development can have problems. So early prenatal care is very important. Some of the reasons for late prenatal care are fear of the abuser, low self- esteem, and the lack of a support system. The abuser may try to control the woman and keep the abuse hidden from doctors.
If the woman has any chronic illnesses, abuse can make them worse. These include high blood pressure, diabetes, and asthma. This worsening can have a negative impact on the growing fetus.
Abuse can also increase stress and depression. Stress causes the body to release hormones that can lead to premature labor. These hormones can also decrease the blood flow through the placenta. Decreased blood flow may cause low birth weight.
Stress also makes it harder for the woman to take care of herself during her pregnancy. This results in higher rates of malnutrition and poor weight gain. Abused women are also more prone to pregnancy risks such as smoking or using smokeless tobacco, drinking alcohol, or taking drugs during pregnancy. Good nutrition and rest are very important for a healthy pregnancy.
Abuse and Neglect
Abuse can take many forms. It may be physical, psychological, sexual, or financial. Neglect occurs when a caregiver doesn't meet the basic needs of a child, elder, or dependent adult.
What are the causes and risks of the injury?
A combination of psychological, social, and economic troubles may contribute to abuse and neglect. Financial hardship caused by drug abuse or chronic medical conditions increases the risk for abuse and neglect. The risk is highest among families with many serious problems. Children who have been abused may grow up to abuse others.
Abuse and neglect can also take place in nursing homes or other care settings. Overworked, poorly trained staff might be more likely to abuse vulnerable residents.
The long-term effects of abuse and neglect are many and varied. Emotional, psychological, and physical damage can take years to heal. In some cases, the trauma is never completely resolved. Death can even occur in extreme cases.
What are the causes and risks of the injury?
A combination of psychological, social, and economic troubles may contribute to abuse and neglect. Financial hardship caused by drug abuse or chronic medical conditions increases the risk for abuse and neglect. The risk is highest among families with many serious problems. Children who have been abused may grow up to abuse others.
Abuse and neglect can also take place in nursing homes or other care settings. Overworked, poorly trained staff might be more likely to abuse vulnerable residents.
The long-term effects of abuse and neglect are many and varied. Emotional, psychological, and physical damage can take years to heal. In some cases, the trauma is never completely resolved. Death can even occur in extreme cases.
Absence Seizure
Petit Mal Seizure
Seizures are caused by sudden, large discharges of electrical impulses from brain cells. Absence seizures were formerly called petit mal seizures. The person briefly loses awareness of his or her environment.
What is going on in the body?
Neurons are the nerve cells within the brain. They coordinate movement, thinking, personality, and sensory activities. Neurons communicate with each other through electrical discharges. A seizure occurs when excitable neurons give off abnormal electrical discharges. There are different types of seizures, depending on where the excitable neurons are located. Epilepsy is diagnosed when an individual has a repeating pattern of seizures.
Seizures are divided into two main types: generalized and partial. Generalized epilepsy affects the entire brain. The person loses consciousness or awareness of the environment. Partial epilepsy affects only one part of the brain. The individual usually doesn't lose consciousness. Absence seizures are a generalized type of seizure.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
Absence seizures may be caused by many diseases and conditions. Some of the diseases that can cause them are as follows:
# brain tumors
# congenital diseases or conditions
# hereditary diseases
# infections involving the brain, including encephalitis and bacterial meningitis
# stroke
# transient ischemic attack, which is also called a mini-stroke
Certain conditions that can cause seizures include:
# abnormalities in the blood vessels of the brain
# chromosomal abnormalities
# craniotomy, which is brain surgery
# head injury
# injury during birth or in the uterus
Seizures are caused by sudden, large discharges of electrical impulses from brain cells. Absence seizures were formerly called petit mal seizures. The person briefly loses awareness of his or her environment.
What is going on in the body?
Neurons are the nerve cells within the brain. They coordinate movement, thinking, personality, and sensory activities. Neurons communicate with each other through electrical discharges. A seizure occurs when excitable neurons give off abnormal electrical discharges. There are different types of seizures, depending on where the excitable neurons are located. Epilepsy is diagnosed when an individual has a repeating pattern of seizures.
Seizures are divided into two main types: generalized and partial. Generalized epilepsy affects the entire brain. The person loses consciousness or awareness of the environment. Partial epilepsy affects only one part of the brain. The individual usually doesn't lose consciousness. Absence seizures are a generalized type of seizure.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
Absence seizures may be caused by many diseases and conditions. Some of the diseases that can cause them are as follows:
# brain tumors
# congenital diseases or conditions
# hereditary diseases
# infections involving the brain, including encephalitis and bacterial meningitis
# stroke
# transient ischemic attack, which is also called a mini-stroke
Certain conditions that can cause seizures include:
# abnormalities in the blood vessels of the brain
# chromosomal abnormalities
# craniotomy, which is brain surgery
# head injury
# injury during birth or in the uterus
Amenorrhea
Absence of Menstrual Periods, Missed Menstrual Periods
A woman who has amenorrhea has either never had a menstrual period or has stopped having periods.
What is going on in the body?
There are two categories of amenorrhea:
# Primary amenorrhea is not having had a period by age 16.
# Secondary amenorrhea is the absence of periods in a woman who previously had regular menstrual cycles.
To have a period, a woman must have a normal, healthy:
# uterus, cervix or opening to the uterus, vagina, and ovaries
# pituitary gland
# hypothalamus, a structure within the skull that controls much of the body's hormone production
An abnormality in any of these may keep a woman from having a period.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
Primary amenorrhea is usually due to late puberty rather than any permanent problem. The reason for this delay is generally not known, though it may be a family trait. Other possible causes are:
# a genetic disorder, such as Turner's syndrome
# a hormonal problem, such as an improperly functioning thyroid gland
Pregnancy is the most common reason for secondary amenorrhea. A woman's periods may also stop temporarily due to:
# breastfeeding
# birth control pills
# the birth control shot, such as medroxyprogesterone acetate
# levonorgestrel implants
A woman's periods may not start up again for a while after she stops using birth control pills, shots or implants. Usually, periods will start again within 3 to 6 months.
Secondary amenorrhea may also be linked to:
# depression
# emotional stress
# poor nutrition
# drugs, such as tranquilizers or antidepressants
# rapid weight loss or gain
# chronic systemic illnesses, such as kidney failure or cancer
# too much exercise
# recent surgery
# a hormonal imbalance, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
A woman who has amenorrhea has either never had a menstrual period or has stopped having periods.
What is going on in the body?
There are two categories of amenorrhea:
# Primary amenorrhea is not having had a period by age 16.
# Secondary amenorrhea is the absence of periods in a woman who previously had regular menstrual cycles.
To have a period, a woman must have a normal, healthy:
# uterus, cervix or opening to the uterus, vagina, and ovaries
# pituitary gland
# hypothalamus, a structure within the skull that controls much of the body's hormone production
An abnormality in any of these may keep a woman from having a period.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
Primary amenorrhea is usually due to late puberty rather than any permanent problem. The reason for this delay is generally not known, though it may be a family trait. Other possible causes are:
# a genetic disorder, such as Turner's syndrome
# a hormonal problem, such as an improperly functioning thyroid gland
Pregnancy is the most common reason for secondary amenorrhea. A woman's periods may also stop temporarily due to:
# breastfeeding
# birth control pills
# the birth control shot, such as medroxyprogesterone acetate
# levonorgestrel implants
A woman's periods may not start up again for a while after she stops using birth control pills, shots or implants. Usually, periods will start again within 3 to 6 months.
Secondary amenorrhea may also be linked to:
# depression
# emotional stress
# poor nutrition
# drugs, such as tranquilizers or antidepressants
# rapid weight loss or gain
# chronic systemic illnesses, such as kidney failure or cancer
# too much exercise
# recent surgery
# a hormonal imbalance, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
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